Page 10101
1 Friday, 29 June 2001
2 [Defence Closing Statement]
3 [Open session]
4 --- Upon commencing at 9.30 a.m.
5 [The accused entered court]
6 JUDGE RODRIGUES: [Interpretation] Good morning, ladies and
7 gentlemen; good morning to the technical booth, the interpreters, the
8 registry staff; good morning to the counsel for the Prosecution and the
9 Defence. Good morning, General Krstic. So we're going to continue the
10 closing arguments of the Defence, and I give the floor to Mr. Petrusic.
11 MR. PETRUSIC: [Interpretation] Good morning, Mr. President, Your
12 Honours, my distinguished colleagues. The Defence will today address the
13 question of the capture of Muslims along the road from Konjevic Polje to
14 Nova Kasaba and from Nova Kasaba to Bratunac.
15 It has already been stated that the capturing was done by forces
16 that were not within the chain of command of the Drina Corps. They were
17 detachments of the special brigade of MUP and the 65th Protective
18 Regiment, or rather, the battalion of the military police of the 65th
19 Protective Regiment. This military police battalion was under the direct
20 command of the Main Staff.
21 It is the submission of the Defence that that unit, during the
22 operation, and even later, was never resubordinated to the Drina Corps
23 command. In support of this submission, the Defence relies on Exhibit 76,
24 dated the 5th of July, 1995, namely, during the Krivaja 95 operation, an
25 order was issued for active combat operations. And at the same time,
Page 10102
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Page 10103
1 Major General Krstic, the Chief of Staff of the Drina Corps, informed the
2 Main Staff of the army of Republika Srpska in the form of a report saying
3 that due to combat operations which are due to begin towards Srebrenica,
4 and to avoid the forces of the Bosnian Muslims hitting the Drina Corps
5 from the rear, he is appealing to the Main Staff to ensure active combat
6 operations by the 65th Protection Regiment, that is, in the Zepa enclave.
7 He is referring to the infantry battalion of the 65th Protective
8 Regiment.
9 Therefore, had the 65th Protective Regiment, of which a battalion
10 was in Zepa, had it been subordinated to the Drina Corps, General Krstic
11 would not be addressing the Main Staff, because he cannot give them
12 orders; he can only make a suggestion to the Main Staff and a request for
13 the Main Staff to issue orders to that unit. Therefore, the Drina Corps
14 cannot issue it any orders. Had there been a decision, either an oral or
15 a written one, whereby this unit of the Main Staff of the 65th Protective
16 Regiment had been subordinated to the Drina Corps at the time, General
17 Krstic would not be addressing the Main Staff but would issue an order
18 directly. From a later example, it can be seen that General Zivanovic
19 issued an order, but only to units of the 1st and 5th Podrinje Brigades,
20 but not at all to the 65th Protective Regiment to which only the Main
21 Staff can issue orders.
22 There is no material evidence or testimony to prove that the
23 police or, rather, the 65th Protective Regiment, the special -- I'm sorry,
24 the special MUP Brigade, was resubordinated to the Drina Corps, and in our
25 submission, the Prosecution has failed to prove that.
Page 10104
1 Pursuing a logical course of thought, had these units been
2 resubordinated to the Drina Corps, there would be a greater probability
3 that this would apply to the 65th Protective Regiment, which is a military
4 unit, rather than the special MUP Brigade. However, it is the submission
5 of the Defence that this Exhibit 76 clearly shows that the 65th Protective
6 Regiment was not resubordinated to the Drina Corps.
7 The identity of units which carried out the executions cannot be
8 established, and it is our submission that among those perpetrators there
9 are no units of the Drina Corps. An exception is the 10th Sabotage
10 Detachment, which is also a unit of the Main Staff. The Defence will seek
11 to prove that there is no doubt that this was a unit of the Main Staff,
12 that it is under the command of the Main Staff and outside the control of
13 the Drina Corps.
14 It is true that during the Krivaja operation, upon the entry into
15 Srebrenica on the 11th of July, the commander of that unit was identified
16 in Srebrenica, that is, Mr. Pelemis. According to Erdemovic's testimony,
17 the members of his unit arrived in Srebrenica around the 10th of July.
18 The very fact that they were present in the area and at that location does
19 not prove the Prosecution's submission that they were subordinated to the
20 Drina Corps. Had they been resubordinated to the Drina Corps, in our
21 submission, in the order for combat operations, they would have been given
22 some sort of assignment. They would have been informed about the
23 implementation of the operation as the other units which took part in the
24 attack were informed in the order for -- in the preparatory order.
25 Witness DB was explicit in his testimony in saying that he, who
Page 10105
1 was in charge of the communications centre in the forward command post, in
2 his system of communications did not have this unit. It was not a part of
3 his system of communications. The Defence has no reason to doubt the
4 truthfulness of that testimony, and in view of the fact that this was a
5 unit of the Main Staff, on the basis of the evidence produced, it cannot
6 be ascertained that it was subordinated to the Drina Corps.
7 It is true that Mr. Butler in his report said that this detachment
8 came to the assistance of units of the Drina Corps, in the opinion of
9 Mr. Butler. If those units arrived on the 10th of July, the developments
10 of the -- on the battlefields on the 10th of July do not support
11 Mr. Butler's thesis that these units came to their assistance. This was a
12 unit of some 30 men. Srebrenica was about to fall already at that time.
13 It was a virtually abandoned, deserted city, so we see no reasonable
14 explanation for the command of the Drina Corps to call that unit to
15 provide any kind of assistance, nor to involve it in any kind of military
16 activities. Therefore, the assistance of the 10th Sabotage Detachment was
17 absolutely not necessary for the forces that were engaged in combat.
18 It is also evident from Mr. Erdemovic's testimony that that unit
19 did take part in the executions that occurred at Pilica, but before I move
20 on to that topic, let me say that all the capturing of prisoners were
21 carried out under the control of MUP and the 65th Protective Regiment of
22 the police battalion, as I have already stated.
23 If those units did carry out the capturing of prisoners, and they
24 certainly did, they did so on the basis of orders from the Main Staff.
25 Document 03-41629 dated the 13th of July, 1995, OTP Exhibit 462, in the
Page 10106
1 preamble we see that General Zivanovic says, "On the basis of orders of
2 the Main Staff," and then he goes on to mention the movement of Muslim
3 forces, and he orders, among other things, that Muslims should be captured
4 and disarmed. This order is -- has been literally copied from an order
5 received from the Main Staff, and that order is addressed to all
6 subordinated units and the forward command post for their information.
7 Therefore, the actual act of imprisonment, if it did take place,
8 and it did because we do have prisoners at the football stadium in Nova
9 Kasaba, the submission of the Defence that the act in itself was
10 legitimate, that it is necessary to carry out screening, especially as a
11 list appeared, and this has been discussed at length, a list of suspected
12 perpetrators of criminal acts in the area of the safe -- in the safe
13 areas, and this list was in the hands of the command of the army of
14 Republika Srpska. Everything else and the handover of prisoners to the
15 Main Staff, and it is quite evident that is what happened at the stadium
16 at Nova Kasaba because witnesses have told us that, among others, General
17 Mladic was there, so the act in itself, in the submission of the Defence,
18 is legitimate, whereas everything that followed, of course, cannot under
19 any circumstances be in conformity with any kind of military doctrine, nor
20 can it have any kind of legitimacy.
21 Speaking about the 10th Sabotage Detachment, an individual that we
22 have to mention is Colonel Beara. The 10th Sabotage Detachment, as I have
23 said, was subordinated to the Main Staff. Colonel Ljubo Beara was the
24 chief of the security administration of the Main Staff of the army of
25 Republika Srpska. The security administration and its members are guided
Page 10107
1 by the rules that were in force in the army of Republika Srpska, and which
2 I have discussed -- which I discussed yesterday in my arguments.
3 I should like to note that it's clear from those rules that the
4 security organs are not subordinated, nor are they obliged to report to
5 their original commands, but, rather, they follow the security hierarchy
6 so that lower-level security commands report to higher-level security
7 commands.
8 However, a fact of significance is the following: Colonel Ljubo
9 Beara was mentioned for the first time on the 12th of July in Nova Kasaba
10 when he allowed the detained members of UNPROFOR, who was detained by the
11 chief of the police battalion of the 65th Protective Regiment, Zoran
12 Malinic, on the 12th of July, saying that those UNPROFOR members may not
13 continue along their way without permission given by his boss. And then
14 Colonel Beara appears, who gives this permission, and then the UNPROFOR
15 members continue along their way. Therefore, in the submission of the
16 Defence, it was already clear then that he was the person who was deciding
17 on the freedom of movement within the area of responsibility of the Drina
18 Corps.
19 A noteworthy characteristic of that encounter, noted by
20 testimonies, is that Colonel Beara left in an Opel Rekord vehicle. This
21 Opel vehicle will appear again, from the 14th of July until the 26th of
22 July, as the vehicle moving along the roads from Zvornik, Orahovac,
23 Rocevici, Kozluk, Pilica, Cerska, that is, locations where the executions
24 took place.
25 Colonel Beara was seen issuing orders to the command of the 10th
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Page 10109
1 Sabotage Detachment on the 16th of July in Karakaj, that is, the base of
2 the Zvornik Brigade. Mr. Erdemovic [Realtime transcript read in error
3 "Ademovic"] testified to that. For the sake of truth, it should be noted
4 that Erdemovic did not recognise, nor did he say that it was Colonel
5 Beara, but he describes him as a Lieutenant Colonel, without identifying
6 him by name, but he gives a detailed description of him. General Krstic,
7 in his testimony, knowing what Colonel Beara looked like, made it
8 abundantly clear that a person of such physical characteristics, the
9 description given by Mr. Erdemovic can only fit Colonel Ljubo Beara.
10 So, together with members of the 10th Sabotage Detachment, he left
11 in an Opel Rekord vehicle for Pilica, and in this Exhibit 571 we see this
12 movement. We see that the car covered this distance.
13 That the security organs were in charge of this whole operation,
14 if we can call it that, or rather, the crimes that occurred in the area of
15 responsibility of the Zvornik Brigade, is borne out by the presence --
16 JUDGE RODRIGUES: [Interpretation] Excuse me, Mr. Petrusic, for
17 interrupting you, but Mr. Fourmy is drawing my attention to the fact that
18 the transcript, on page 7, line 7, mentions a name Ademovic. I think the
19 name was Erdemovic.
20 MR. PETRUSIC: [Interpretation] Yes. Maybe a general correction is
21 required, because the only, in fact, name I mentioned in that context
22 throughout is Erdemovic.
23 JUDGE RODRIGUES: [Interpretation] Yes. Thank you very much.
24 We'll make the correction. Please continue.
25 MR. PETRUSIC: [Interpretation] It is quite certain that Colonel
Page 10110
1 Beara could not have received an order from the Drina Corps. His orders
2 could have only come from a higher-level command. But it is also quite
3 certain, in view of the hierarchy in the security chain of command of the
4 army of Republika Srpska, that Ljubo Beara could have given orders to
5 Lieutenant Colonel Popovic to take part in all these activities.
6 In his testimony, when defining which members of the army arrived
7 at Pilica on the 16th of July, Mr. Erdemovic mentions some people from
8 Bratunac. Though he was asked several times in several questions, he
9 never said that they were members of the Bratunac Brigade. Exhibits OTP
10 173, 174, and 175, these are photographs which were shown to Mr.
11 Erdemovic. He identified one of them as a man from Bratunac. That man
12 from Bratunac - and this is something that the parties could stipulate on
13 - was a member of the Panthers unit. I have no knowledge whether it is a
14 military or paramilitary unit, but it was certainly not a part of the
15 structure of the Drina Corps, and such a unit was based and located in
16 Bijeljina, and the town of Bijeljina is the area of responsibility of the
17 Eastern Bosnian Corps.
18 Mr. President, after the 17th of July, by which time all the
19 executions had been carried out, and after General Krstic had learnt about
20 the executions towards the end of August, the Prosecution is charging
21 General Krstic of taking no steps to discover and punish, identify and
22 punish, the perpetrators of those acts. General Krstic, in his testimony,
23 in the submission of the Defence, provided convincing reasons why he
24 failed to do so. The Defence considers those convincing reasons to stand,
25 because I think that it is not even worth mentioning what would have
Page 10111
1 happened to him and his family if anyone had plucked up the courage to
2 refer to what had happened at all these locations where the executions
3 took place.
4 Mr. President, Your Honours, that would bring to an end my part of
5 the closing arguments; and with your permission, my colleague Mr. Visnjic
6 will take over and continue the presentation of our closing arguments.
7 Thank you.
8 MR. VISNJIC: [Interpretation] Good morning, Your Honours and my
9 colleagues of the Prosecution.
10 Points 1 and 2 of the amended indictment charge General Radislav
11 Krstic with genocide and complicity in genocide. These offences require
12 proof that the acts were committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or
13 in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group as such. In
14 respect of these charges, the Defence will show that the evidence provided
15 by the Prosecution itself indicates the fact that General Krstic is not
16 guilty. Even if the Trial Chamber resolves all the disputed facts against
17 General Krstic, it must acquit him of these two charges.
18 The Prosecution simply never proved, nor could they have proved,
19 that the killings at Srebrenica were done with the special intent to
20 destroy, in whole or in part, the Bosnian Muslims as a group.
21 Defining the group is critical to determining whether there was an
22 intention to destroy a substantial part of that group. The more
23 generalised the definition of a group, the more the number of victims
24 becomes a less substantial part of the group. And vice versa; the more
25 narrowly the group is defined, the more likely it is that the number of
Page 10112
1 persons affected will be considered a substantial part of that group.
2 In the present case, the amended indictment defines the group as
3 being the Bosnian Muslim people. Therefore, this Court must determine if
4 the killings at Srebrenica were committed with the intent to destroy a
5 substantial part of the Bosnian Muslim people.
6 In the Jelesic case, the Court also noted that genocide might be
7 perpetrated in a limited geographic zone. This is undoubtedly true since
8 killings with the intent to destroy a protected group must begin somewhere
9 rather than being carried out simultaneously against all members of the
10 group in question. However, this attitude does not -- with this attitude,
11 one cannot create an artificial group by limiting its scope to a set
12 geographic area. For example, in this particular case, the group cannot
13 be defined as the Srebrenica Muslims or the Potocari Muslims or even the
14 Pilica Cultural Centre Muslims, because these are not distinct national,
15 ethnic, racial, or religious groups.
16 While the killing of Bosnian Muslims in Srebrenica, Potocari, or
17 the Pilica Cultural Centre can be qualified as genocide if those acts were
18 committed with the intent of destroying the Bosnian Muslims as such, in
19 whole or in part, an act of this kind cannot be considered genocide if the
20 intent was to destroy, for example, the Muslims in Potocari or for
21 territorial reasons or military expedience. Therefore, while in the
22 Jelisic case the Court ascertained that genocide could be perpetrated in a
23 limited geographical zone, this opinion does not authorise the definition
24 of the protected group with reference to artificial geographical
25 limitations based upon where the acts in question actually took place.
Page 10113
1 The Prosecutor correctly defined the group as the Bosnian Muslims
2 in the amended indictment. This issue must be resolved in this case
3 within the framework of the dilemmas of whether the killings at Srebrenica
4 were committed as part of an overall intent to destroy a substantial part
5 of the Bosnian Muslims as an ethnic group. However, the Prosecution now
6 changes his definition in his final brief. What he is doing now is he is
7 referring to them as the Bosnian Muslims of Srebrenica. The reason he is
8 doing so is for the number of people that were killed to be able to be
9 qualified as a significant portion of the group. What the Prosecutor
10 wishes to tell us is that the 7.500 killed people is a significant part of
11 a population of 40.000 Srebrenica Muslims. But if the group has been
12 defined as Bosnian Muslims, then it is questionable whether the number of
13 7.500, even if that number were to be taken to be correct, represents a
14 significant portion of a group of people numbering 1.400.000 people.
15 Later on in the final argument, and bearing in mind the position
16 of the Defence on this issue presented in the Defence final brief, the
17 Prosecution defines the group as Bosnian Muslims of Eastern Bosnia.
18 Nowhere in the indictment or during the presentation of evidence did the
19 Prosecutor define the concept of Eastern Bosnia within a framework with
20 which, at least geographically, we would be able to identify a group.
21 On the other hand, let me recall -- remind the Trial Chamber that
22 our learned colleagues of the Prosecution, together with their experts and
23 investigators, with great precision deliberated about geographical
24 concepts of the safe zone of Srebrenica, the urban area of Srebrenica, the
25 area of responsibility of the Drina Corps, the area of the responsibility
Page 10114
1 of all the other corps on the territory of Bosnia-Herzegovina.
2 One of the misconceptions to which an imprecise geographic
3 definition of a group and a determination of a group can lead us is
4 precisely the question of whether Eastern Bosnia is the territory of the
5 area of responsibility of the Eastern Bosnia Corps; whether Eastern Bosnia
6 is the entire area east of Sarajevo; whether the territories running along
7 the Drina river, are they in the composition of the -- are they within the
8 Eastern Bosnia territory; or again, is Bijeljina and the territory in the
9 area of responsibility of the Eastern Bosnian corps within Eastern Bosnia
10 itself; and whether Zepa and Gorazde fall within the composition of what
11 we mean by Eastern Bosnia.
12 If it was the intention of the Prosecutor from the very beginning
13 to accuse General Krstic of having the intent, in whole or in part, to
14 destroy the Muslims of Eastern Bosnia, then the Prosecutor could have, via
15 his experts such as Butler and Dannatt and by his investigators, through
16 the documents they had in their possession and geographical maps, to
17 support this theory, either through testimony or by some other way.
18 Instead of this, it is left to the Trial Chamber to speculate and to
19 wonder what the army of Republika Srpska had as the potential group that
20 it allegedly, according to the Prosecution, wished to destroy.
21 The burden of proof on the part of the Prosecution -- it is their
22 burden of proof to show in the course of the trial and not to do so in a
23 closing argument. Therefore, the Trial Chamber should not allow the
24 Prosecutor to change his indictment in the closing argument and final
25 brief.
Page 10115
1 The Rules and Statute imply that the accused must be informed of
2 all counts that he is being charged with. General Krstic was charged the
3 whole time of having the intent to destroy a part of the Bosnian Muslims
4 as a group. The Prosecutor, therefore, must be capable of proving the
5 charge -- counts and charges of the indictment, and not to change and
6 alter his definition of the group in his final brief and, indeed, in his
7 final argument.
8 Genocide has been defined as an intent to destroy a group in whole
9 or in part. A fair interpretation of the indictment would be that General
10 Krstic allegedly had the intent to destroy a part of the Bosnian Muslims
11 through his activities in Srebrenica. The Muslims of Srebrenica are not a
12 separate ethnic group, nor are the Muslims of Eastern Bosnia, that what
13 they are is a part of the peoples -- a part of the nation of Bosnian
14 Muslims.
15 The Prosecutor has endeavoured to define the group as the
16 Srebrenica Muslims or the Muslims from Eastern Bosnia, and thereby has
17 narrowed the concept down, saying that the portion that had been intended
18 to be destroyed were males, men. The Prosecutor furthermore goes on to
19 say that as practically all the men were killed, this is equal and means
20 and results in the complete destruction of the group. This is not the
21 proper way to interpret the definitions and provisions on genocide, and it
22 is even contrary to the actual charges laid out in the indictment.
23 You can always arrive at the virtual destruction of a group if you
24 narrow the group down enough. For example, an army enters into a town and
25 sets fire to all the houses in one particular street. The consequences as
Page 10116
1 a result of this is the death of the occupied people. You can always
2 define Muslims as Muslims from Street B that was burnt down, and then go
3 on to say that, in that way, a whole group was destroyed.
4 It is clear that this game with numbers was not what the creators
5 of the convention on genocide had in their minds and meant when, incited
6 by the Holocaust, they created the definitions on genocide and determined
7 the concept of group as national, racial, or religious groups.
8 If the killing of one family is the beginning of a plan for the
9 destruction of a whole ethnic group, then this killing should be
10 persecuted legitimately as a genocide act. However, on the other side,
11 for the killing of a large number of people, let us take the example of
12 the 100.000 Japanese in Hiroshima. We can also state that is not
13 genocide, either, in view of the fact that it was not the intention of
14 destroying the entire Japanese people.
15 Therefore, the Defence considers that the Prosecutor ought not to
16 use this play of figures, should not play around with figures to sidestep
17 his obligation to prove that the killings were committed with the intent
18 of destroying the Bosnian Muslims as an ethnic group, an obligation which
19 the Prosecution cannot fulfil and has not proved.
20 The desire to condemn the crimes committed in Srebrenica is, of
21 course, a great desire, a strong one. However, genocide is willy-nilly a
22 legal term, with a legal definition which is narrower than it is when it
23 is used in politics or in political usage. According to that definition,
24 the killings must be committed with the precise intent to destroy a whole
25 group as an entity. It is the submission of the Defence that this was
Page 10117
1 simply not the case in Srebrenica and that General Krstic, therefore, must
2 not be found guilty of genocide or complicity in genocide, as charged in
3 counts 1 and 2 of the amended indictment.
4 A review of the facts, as well as a comparison of this case with
5 others involving genocide, demonstrates that killings in Srebrenica,
6 however wrong and unjustified they were, do not constitute genocide. Had
7 the army of Republika Srpska intended to commit the crime of genocide and
8 had the intent to destroy the Bosnian Muslims as an ethnic group, they
9 would have killed the 20.000 or more women and children who were under
10 their custody at Potocari. This is the hallmark of all the genocides in
11 modern history, including the Nazis and the crimes committed in Rwanda.
12 Instead, the Prosecution's own evidence has shown that the Bosnian Serb
13 army provided transportation for the women and children into Muslim
14 territory. Although there were isolated instances and cases of violence,
15 no hostility was directed at the women and children by the command of the
16 Bosnian Serb army.
17 In Kayishema and Ruzindena, those two cases, by contrast, where
18 the ICTR Trial Chamber found that there was intent to destroy the Tutsi
19 group, the Court said the following: Not only were the Tutsis killed in
20 tremendous numbers, but they were killed regardless of gender or age. Men
21 and women, old and young, were killed without mercy. Children were
22 massacred before their parents' eyes, women raped in front of their
23 families. No Tutsi was spared, neither the weak nor the pregnant.
24 Similarly, in the Akayesu case, the Trial Chamber found that the
25 killing of Tutsis did not spare women, children, or newborn babes. Even
Page 10118
1 Hutu women who were pregnant by Tutsi men were killed, so that no Tutsi
2 could survive.
3 The fact that the Bosnian Serb army went to great trouble and
4 expense to round up buses throughout the country and transport the women
5 and children to a place of safety rather than killing them while they were
6 in their custody, or even letting them starve to death in Potocari,
7 demonstrates that there was no intent to destroy the Bosnian Muslims as an
8 ethnic group.
9 In the Jelisic case, they said that killing and genocide can be on
10 a massive scale or can be selective. The Prosecutor maintains that the
11 killing of men, that the selection of men for killing, that by doing so,
12 the army of Republika Srpska was engaged in selective genocide, because
13 without the men, the community would be destroyed. This is an absurd
14 argument. First and foremost, had the army of Republika Srpska had the
15 intent to destroy the Bosnian Muslims, it would be far simpler for them to
16 have killed the women and children in Potocari rather than chasing after
17 the men in the woods. If all the women had been killed, there would be no
18 reproduction and the community would cease to exist.
19 On the other hand, according to the allegations of the
20 Prosecution, if the decision for this was made on the 11th, in the
21 evening, then at that precise time the army of Republika Srpska could have
22 had an insight solely into the fact that in Potocari there was a very
23 small number of men. They did not know where the others were, nor how
24 many of them there were, whether they were armed or not, where they were
25 going, the direction they were moving to, and there were too many
Page 10119
1 questions if a decision pursuant to the plan that the Prosecutor has put
2 forward to us wanted to be implemented, was going to be implemented.
3 In answer to a question posed by Judge Wald, my learned colleague
4 of the Prosecution, Mr. Harmon, answered that the secure transport of
5 women and children was a cover-up for the planned execution of the
6 menfolk. That, quite simply, is not logical, does not stand the test of
7 logic. If that were so, as Mr. Harmon alleged, and the Republika Srpska
8 army was concerned about the humanitarian crisis which the whole entire
9 world community was informed of, the humanitarian crisis that had already
10 been reported to the world community, then the army had already entered
11 into a problem with the world community; they would have had a problem
12 with them. If they were already having trouble with the world community,
13 why, then, did they not massacre the whole reproductive population, which
14 was completely powerless and under their power? And it is also a fact
15 that this was -- and this was borne out by many Prosecution witnesses
16 themselves - there were no attempts at hiding the killings. The women saw
17 many bodies in Potocari. They saw many bodies along the road. They
18 passed by.
19 If it is true that the decision was made, as in the submission of
20 the Prosecution, as the way they had presented it, what prevented the army
21 of Republika Srpska from killing all the men on the battlefield along the
22 road, along the route that, any way, in a column, as the Prosecution
23 witnesses themselves said, they presented a legitimate target, in view of
24 the fact that the column was armed and that active combat operations were
25 underway? Why - and once again, this is what the Prosecution
Page 10120
1 alleges - had the plan been made on that 11th of July, in the evening, why
2 would they decide to kill all the men when, let me state again, they did
3 not know how many of them there were, what weapons they had, what
4 direction they were moving in, and so on and so forth, and ultimately what
5 their fate would be?
6 There is no proof that the men were killed as part of a strategy
7 to destroy the Muslims of Srebrenica. They were killed either because
8 they refused to surrender, as they were ordered to do by General Mladic,
9 or because they were potential fighters who, for General Mladic, presented
10 a military risk. Each of these possibilities - regardless of any of these
11 possibilities, killings are terrible war crimes, but they have nothing to
12 do with the intent to destroy the Muslims as a group through patricide.
13 At the time of the takeover of Srebrenica, there was a group of
14 Muslims who were being treated for the wounds that they had received. In
15 keeping with the testimony by the Prosecution military expert, Mr. Butler,
16 these people were in fact properly treated and evacuated under proper
17 medical supervision. Witness H also testified that he was personally
18 transported with the other sick and wounded and reunited with his family.
19 If indeed it was the intent to destroy the Bosnian Muslims as an
20 ethnic group by killing the men, these men would have had to have been
21 killed as well. The fact that these men were spared, and not only spared,
22 but given proper medical treatment, demonstrates that the killings were
23 limited to those who were actual or potential military combatants and that
24 the intent was not to destroy the Bosnian Muslims as an ethnic group but
25 to eliminate those who could continue to fight in the war with the Serbs.
Page 10121
1 As the Prosecution expert witness, Mr. Butler, said, the people who did
2 not qualify as military combatants were not part of the plan.
3 The attack on Srebrenica was accompanied by an attack on the
4 nearby safe area of Zepa. Under the command of General Krstic, the
5 Bosnian Serb army had the same opportunity to kill civilians and prisoners
6 of war in Zepa as they had in Srebrenica. This did not happen. According
7 to the United Nations report issued in 1998, the civilians in Zepa were
8 unharmed and Muslim men of military age were allowed to evacuate the
9 area.
10 Also, evidence from intercepted conversations introduced by the
11 Defence showed that General Krstic had personally ordered that the
12 civilian population was to be treated properly, and that everyone was to
13 behave in a civilised manner. That is Exhibit 167 and 168.
14 If the intention of the Bosnian Serb army in the Srebrenica
15 killings was to destroy the Bosnian Muslims as an ethnic group, why would
16 virtually all of the Bosnian Muslim citizens in Zepa, including some who
17 had fled from Srebrenica to Zepa, have been spared the same fate in the
18 same period? According to one of the more probable theories on the
19 territory of Eastern Bosnia, Zepa is also a part of Eastern Bosnia. Does
20 that mean that the fact that the events of Srebrenica were not repeated in
21 Zepa [as interpreted]?
22 If we wish to support the theory of the Prosecution on genocidal
23 intent, should we then define the group as the Muslims from Eastern Bosnia
24 but only those who were located in the territory of Srebrenica? This is
25 just one of the problems that we must address because of this attempt
Page 10122
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Page 10123
1 artificially to narrow down the group.
2 By contrast, the killings in Rwanda found to constitute genocide
3 by the Rwanda Tribunal took place throughout the country and during the
4 same time period. The fact that the killings in this case were restricted
5 to potential military combatants and that they occurred only in the
6 Srebrenica area belies genocidal intent and appears to be more of a
7 military decision to eliminate the threat posed to a vastly outnumbered
8 army, or to take retribution for refusal to surrender weapons as demanded
9 by General Mladic.
10 Your Honours, on the 15th and 16th of July, 1995, during the time
11 that Muslim prisoners were being executed, a general truce was declared on
12 the front between the Bosnian Serb army and the army of
13 Bosnia-Herzegovina. Thanks to this truce, the column from Srebrenica
14 managed to pass through the lines held by the Bosnian Serb army. If the
15 intention was to destroy the Bosnian Muslims as a group, there would be no
16 reason to allow members of the column to reach Muslim territory and their
17 freedom. And pursuing the logic of the Prosecution, one could also look
18 at it the other way: Precisely because -- precisely for that reason, the
19 army of Republika Srpska would not have allowed 3.000 men to pass through
20 their lines because 3.000 men and the women that survived is sufficient to
21 ensure the reproduction of the group. Had their destruction been
22 intended, that would not have been allowed.
23 Thanks to the documents found after the end of the war, this Trial
24 Chamber has full insight into the activities of the army of Republika
25 Srpska. Richard Butler's report on the internal documents shows that the
Page 10124
1 intention of the army and the government in the summer of 1995 was not to
2 destroy the Bosnian Muslims as an ethnic group, but to organise defence
3 with the intention of retaining the territory captured during the
4 four-year war.
5 As testified by Prosecution witnesses Major General Richard
6 Dannatt and Richard Butler, the operation against Srebrenica was not
7 intended to destroy the Bosnian Muslims, but to reduce the enclave to its
8 urban boundaries so as to minimise the army's manpower needs in the area
9 and to create conditions that would persuade the United Nations to forego
10 its safe area concept and evacuate the population.
11 The directive of the 8th of March issued by the Supreme Commander
12 Radovan Karadzic, according to the Prosecution, designated Srebrenica as
13 an objective. That objective was the complete physical separation of
14 Srebrenica from Zepa. While the directive called for the creation of an
15 unbearable situation of total insecurity with no hope of further survival
16 for inhabitants of Srebrenica and Zepa, it is clear from the context of
17 this statement that the objective was not to eliminate the enclave by
18 pressure from outside its boundaries -- or, rather, that the objective was
19 the elimination of the enclave by pressure from outside its boundaries
20 rather than the murder of civilians within Srebrenica.
21 The Trial Chamber has also had access to the military plans that
22 sought to carry out this directive. It is clear that the plans did not
23 even contemplate the capture of Srebrenica, let alone the destruction of
24 Bosnian Muslims as an ethnic group. Therefore, unlike the Nazis' final
25 solution or the planned massacre of the Tutsis in Rwanda, there was no
Page 10125
1 plan to destroy the Bosnian Muslims as an ethnic group.
2 Based upon the testimony of the Prosecution's own experts, that
3 is, Major General Dannatt, the killing which took place appears to have
4 been a late decision taken either out of vengeance or, as another expert
5 stated, Richard Butler, as punishment for failing to surrender as General
6 Mladic had ordered, or as a response to the numerical threat posed by the
7 column and the prisoners to the outnumbered Bosnian Serb army.
8 The intention to destroy an ethnic group does not originate
9 spontaneously as an instant reaction to the group members. It is a
10 profound, calculated plan that, as a general rule, is built up through
11 lasting and systematic hatred or intolerance towards members of the group.
12 Therefore, the act of genocide is generally preceded by a campaign,
13 propaganda against the group, intended to create a psychological
14 atmosphere that favours the commitment of genocide. While genocidal acts
15 are committed by individuals, genocide as such is not an individual act of
16 man but the expression of a planned and coordinated action where the
17 individual appears as only one of the links in the long chain of a
18 well-thought-out plan to commit genocide.
19 There is no proof of the existence of such a plan in this case.
20 Instead, even General Halilovic, one of the leaders of the army of
21 Bosnia-Herzegovina, in answer to a question by Judge Wald why he believed
22 the executions took place cited the Bosnian Serb government's goals of
23 gaining territory which was between the two Serbian states. None of the
24 five witnesses which this Trial Chamber had occasion to hear - Mr. Butler,
25 Major Dannatt, General Radinovic, General Halilovic, or General
Page 10126
1 Hadzihasanovic - could attribute the killings to any plan to destroy the
2 Bosnian Muslims as a group.
3 Even if we were to accept that the events occurred in the way
4 claimed by the Prosecution in his submissions in paragraphs from 424 to
5 427, the activities to obstruct humanitarian aid, the plan in directive 7
6 for the elimination of Bosnian Muslims from the area, the shelling of
7 Srebrenica to force the population to abandon the town, the deportation of
8 the population from Potocari, are all acts directed towards the Muslims
9 leaving Srebrenica and not towards their destruction as an ethnic group.
10 Allow me to say once again that that was wrong, but it was not genocide.
11 In addition to access to confidential written documents of the
12 army of Republika Srpska, the Trial Chamber has had insight into the
13 results of intercepted oral communications among officers and soldiers of
14 the Bosnian Serb army. Though the Defence disputes the accuracy and
15 reliability of this evidence, it is significant to point out that nowhere
16 in any of the hundred or so intercepted conversations before, during, and
17 after the Srebrenica operation is there a single indication that the
18 killings were motivated by the intent to destroy the Bosnian Muslims as a
19 group.
20 For example, on the 13th of July, 1995, a person named Zile, and
21 the Prosecution believes that was General Zivanovic, requires that a list
22 of war criminals be made urgently. On the 16th of July, 1995, Cerovic and
23 Colonel Beara discuss the fact that the triage, the separation, has to be
24 done of the prisoners, the screening of the prisoners. These statements
25 show the intention to spare some people from the fate of the others.
Page 10127
1 The intercepted conversations, if accepted by the Trial Chamber as
2 evidence, are, therefore, a two-edged sword. They provide evidence of the
3 involvement of individuals in the Bosnian Serb armed forces in the
4 killings, but also provide exculpatory evidence for genocide. In candid
5 and private conversations among officers and soldiers of the army of
6 Republika Srpska, there is no indication of an intention to destroy the
7 Bosnian Muslims as a group, nor can such inferences be reasonably made.
8 This is in stark contrast with the established cases of genocide.
9 Public statements of the Third Reich calling for the extermination of the
10 Jews was legion in Nazi Germany. In the Rwanda cases, the perpetrators of
11 the killings likewise overtly stated their intentions. In Akayesu,
12 statements were made that the Tutsis had to be killed so that, some day,
13 Hutu children would not know what a Tutsi looked like. In Kayishema and
14 Ruzindena, the statements of the accused at the time of the killing, such
15 as not to spare babies, clearly demonstrated their intent to destroy the
16 Tutsis as a group.
17 While inflammatory public statements were made by all sides during
18 the course of the four-year war in Bosnia, the unguarded, private
19 conversations among those carrying out the Srebrenica killings would have
20 provided key evidence that the perpetrators intended the destruction, in
21 whole or in part, of the Bosnian Muslims as an ethnic group. The fact
22 that no such statement exists confirms the fact that the Srebrenica
23 killings were not the product of genocidal intent.
24 Mr. President, I would be free to suggest a break just now, if I
25 might use the break to check some things with the technical booth, and I
Page 10128
1 think that more or less fits into our regular timetable.
2 JUDGE RODRIGUES: [Interpretation] Yes, Mr. Visnjic. We will
3 accept your suggestion and have a half-hour break now.
4 --- Recess taken at 10.47 a.m.
5 --- On resuming at 11.20 a.m.
6 JUDGE RODRIGUES: [Interpretation] Yes, Mr. Visnjic, please
7 continue.
8 MR. VISNJIC: [Interpretation] Thank you, Mr. President.
9 In continuation of my presentation, Your Honours, the Defence will
10 address once again the question of propaganda as presented by the
11 Prosecution in his final brief and closing arguments, the propaganda
12 engaged in by the government and army of Republika Srpska. This is yet
13 another instance of misinterpretation of facts to fulfil the legal
14 framework for genocide.
15 In Rwanda, for instance, there was large-scale propaganda calling
16 on the Hutu people to finally settle accounts with the Tutsis in order to
17 kill them and extinguish them as a nation. The so-called propaganda which
18 the Prosecution is now referring to contains no call on the population or
19 the military to commit genocide. Only because General Krstic and others
20 used the word genocide in the context when mention is made of genocide
21 against the Serbs is nowhere near the instigation of individuals to
22 destroy the Muslims as an ethnic group.
23 Without entering into the historical aspect of the justified or
24 unjustified use of the word genocide, in all truth, it seems to us as if
25 the Prosecutor, in his computer, was looking for the word genocide and
Page 10129
1 then used all the statements in which that word appears, even when those
2 documents and statements referred to genocide against the Serbs. And then
3 those statements are misinterpreted as being inflammatory and instigating
4 genocide against the Muslims. These statements have nothing to do with
5 any such thing. Pursuing this logic, any public statement in connection
6 with genocide that may have been committed against the Muslims could be
7 interpreted as a statement calling for genocide against the Serbs.
8 The Prosecutor is endeavouring to attribute a different meaning to
9 the facts to fulfil the legal requirements for genocide. I doubt that you
10 could find a single war in which the soldiers do not use ugly and
11 insulting language when describing the enemy, such as, for instance, the
12 term Krauts used in the Second World War or Gooks in Vietnam. In this
13 connection, perhaps the best example is the fact that all the previous
14 statements disclosed to us by the Prosecution and which were given to the
15 BH police or the State Commission for the Investigation of War Crimes in
16 the course of 1995 and even 1996, refer to the Serbs as Chetniks. Also,
17 numerous military documents of the army of Bosnia and Herzegovina that
18 were entered into evidence use the same terms.
19 In a wartime context, these terms have nothing to do with the
20 intention or not of destroying an ethnic group as such through killings;
21 otherwise, any killing of civilians could be called genocide.
22 On the other hand, we have witnessed a statement from directive
23 number 8 -- I'm sorry, number 7, dated the 8th of March, 1995, a
24 statement addressed by General Mladic both to representatives of the
25 civilian population of Srebrenica as well as other statements that he made
Page 10130
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Page 10131
1 when touring the town. Without having any pretentions of interpreting
2 what General Mladic actually had in mind, the Defence would like Your
3 Honours, to show you, at least briefly, that this style of address is not
4 the exclusive right of General Mladic.
5 Could the technical booth please show us a video clip.
6 [Videotape played]
7 MR. VISNJIC: [Interpretation] Your Honour, in a wartime context,
8 words uttered in the statements of General Mladic and in directive number
9 7 do not contain any evidence as to the killings being made with the
10 intention of destroying an ethnic group.
11 In addition to access to confidential documents and intercepts
12 between the members of the army of Republika Srpska, the Office of the
13 Prosecutor has been able to obtain information from persons within the
14 Republika Srpska who had indirect or direct links to the events in
15 Srebrenica. None of this information indicated that the killings were
16 committed with the intent to destroy the Bosnian Muslims as an ethnical
17 group.
18 The most prominent of these persons is Drazen Erdemovic. He
19 personally carried out killings of Muslim prisoners at the Branjevo
20 military farm. He never gave any indication of any kind of intent on his
21 part or on the part of his commanders or associates, confederates, to
22 destroy the Bosnian Muslims as an ethnic group. In fact, he was expressly
23 ordered not to fire at civilians when entering Srebrenica, and that can be
24 found on page 3083 of the transcript.
25 Your Honours, Drazen Erdemovic was a member of the special unit
Page 10132
1 for special purposes and assignments, which was under the direct command
2 of the Main Staff and precisely linked to the security line. If somebody
3 could have been entrusted with the secret of a genocidal plan, then that
4 would have been precisely the members of that particular unit who were
5 executing the killings. In the course of the war in Bosnia, they were
6 engaged in numerous secret, clandestine special assignments. It was a
7 group of people in which the greatest trust had been placed, and there was
8 no reason for any information to be hidden from that group. Had there
9 been a plan to destroy the Bosnian Muslims as a group, Erdemovic would
10 quite probably have known about it and he would probably have told the
11 Prosecutor about that, and the Trial Chamber as well, given his extensive
12 and long cooperation with the OTP.
13 Similarly, it appears from the Prosecutor's cross-examination of
14 General Krstic and other Defence witnesses that several officers of the
15 army of Republika Srpska gave statements to the Office of the Prosecutor.
16 Your Honours, in the course of this trial, you were acquainted with the
17 problems that the Defence faced with respect to bringing in
18 witnesses - you knew how hard that was for us - and many public
19 statements, articles, about a very large number of officers of the army of
20 Republika Srpska who were called by the Prosecution for interviews. Some
21 of those lists were even published in the media.
22 On the other hand, the Prosecution itself made statements that it
23 was satisfied with the level of cooperation that it had had with the
24 government of Republika Srpska and the Ministry of Defence of Republika
25 Srpska with respect to these separate and special statements. Had there
Page 10133
1 been any evidence -- evidenced by any of those statements that the
2 killings in Srebrenica had been committed with the intent of destroying
3 the Bosnian Muslims as a group, the Prosecution would have quite certainly
4 presented them to us.
5 In the present case, the Trial Chamber, without precedent, had an
6 insight into the deliberations, communications, and orders of those who
7 participated in the events in Srebrenica. Had the killings been done with
8 the intent to destroy the Bosnian Muslims, the Office of the Prosecutor
9 would have set aside any one of those pieces of evidence and presented
10 them to this Trial Chamber. There is no such evidence, for one very
11 simple reason: There was no genocidal intent.
12 If the Trial Chamber were to arrive at the conclusion that,
13 unfortunately, beyond all reasonable doubt, that the killings in
14 Srebrenica were carried out with the intent to destroy, in whole or in
15 part, the Bosnian Muslims as an ethnical group, the Prosecution must also
16 go on to determine whether General Krstic personally had the required mens
17 rea.
18 Mr. President, Your Honours, the Prosecution says -- tells us that
19 General Krstic was personally responsible for the crimes. For this type
20 of responsibility, for this form of liability to attach to General Krstic,
21 the Prosecution would have to prove that General Krstic participated in
22 the Srebrenica killings by planning, instigating, ordering, committing, or
23 aiding and abetting the planning, preparation, or execution of the crime
24 of genocide, and that at the time he did so, he personally had the intent
25 to destroy the ethnic group of the Bosnian Muslims as such.
Page 10134
1 The lack of evidence and proof of General Krstic's participation
2 in the Srebrenica killings is addressed by us in our final submission,
3 final trial brief, and in what Mr. Petrusic has already said, so I do not
4 want to repeat that. However, even if the Court were to conclude that
5 General Krstic did participate in one way or another, there is absolutely
6 no proof that he personally had the intent to destroy the Bosnian Muslims
7 as an ethnic group. There is not a single intercepted telephone
8 conversation, written document, or piece of testimonial evidence that
9 demonstrates that General Krstic personally sought the destruction of the
10 Bosnian Muslims as an ethnic group. On the contrary, in the most
11 contradictory testimony, it is stated that throughout his military career
12 during the war in Bosnia, he showed no inclination to eliminate the
13 Bosnian Muslims.
14 Your Honours, for example, we have the witnesses of -- the
15 evidence of witnesses DC, DA, and Zeljko Borovcanin. For example, Witness
16 DC testified that, for instance, if a Muslim were to be captured, there
17 were cases that -- where they wanted to kill that captured Muslim, and not
18 just to kill him but to somehow take their revenge on him for what they
19 had experienced. But General Krstic was always opposed to that, and this
20 was something that was pronounced. He attached the greatest importance to
21 this, saying that prisoners of war must not be harmed in any way,
22 regardless of whether they be a soldier or civilian, a man or a woman. He
23 was against the torching of buildings, against destruction per se. He was
24 a rare officer who behaved fully in accordance with international
25 conventions, the respect for human rights, and a correct and proper
Page 10135
1 attitude, despite everything that war entails.
2 In one of the intercepts at the beginning of the Srebrenica
3 operation, General Krstic instructed a subordinate to take care that, "Not
4 a hair of their heads is harmed," referring to the Muslim population, and
5 that is Exhibit 446. When he commanded the operation undertaken by the
6 army of Republika Srpska in Zepa several days later, virtually all the
7 Muslim civilians and military personnel were spared following -- pursuant
8 to his emphatic orders.
9 Witness DA testified that General Krstic was consistently
10 concerned with the safety of civilians. This, Your Honours, is not the
11 conduct of an officer who has the intention to destroy the Muslims as an
12 ethnic group.
13 Because there is no evidence or proof that General Krstic
14 personally intended to destroy, in whole or in part, the Bosnian Muslims
15 as an ethnic group, he cannot be found to have any individual
16 responsibility for genocide. In an effort to personally involve him in
17 the crimes, the Prosecutor, for the most part, is distorting the facts and
18 making erroneous conclusions, all with the aim of linking up the
19 executions with General Krstic himself and to link him up, General Krstic
20 up, with genocidal intent.
21 There is absolutely no proof whatsoever that General Krstic
22 participated in the planning for holding and separating the men in
23 Potocari, for taking part in the plan to capture and kill the people from
24 the column which was making a breakthrough, supervised the taking of
25 prisoners and the execution of Muslim prisoners and issuing orders to --
Page 10136
1 for this process to be continued, receive reports about the killings from
2 his subordinates, and ordered the members of the Bratunac Brigade to
3 implement the execution of Muslims at Branjevo Farm and the cultural
4 centre in Pilica. Furthermore, the fact that these acts were carried out
5 by others in the army of Republika Srpska in no way demonstrates that they
6 were committed with the intent of destroying the Bosnian Muslims as a
7 group, an ethnic group.
8 With respect to command responsibility for which General Krstic is
9 held accountable, the Prosecution wanted to prove that one of his
10 subordinates killed individual Bosnian Muslims with the intent of
11 destroying the Bosnian Muslims as an ethnic group, and that General Krstic
12 knew of his subordinate's genocidal intent when he failed to prevent the
13 genocide. In fact, the issue of General Krstic's role as commander over
14 the Drina Corps at the relevant times is discussed in the final trial
15 brief of the Defence and the closing arguments given by my colleague,
16 Mr. Petrusic. General Krstic admitted that he later learned of the
17 Srebrenica killings and attempted, but did not succeed, in punishing the
18 perpetrators. However, there is absolutely no evidence that he was aware
19 that the killings had been committed with the intent to destroy the
20 Bosnian Muslims as an ethnic group. No manifestations of this kind of
21 intent were represented to him in the form of any written orders, reports,
22 or any other kind of communication. Nor is there any evidence from the
23 numerous intercepted conversations which would draw -- bring General
24 Krstic's attention to the fact that these killings were carried out with
25 genocidal intent.
Page 10137
1 Because there is no evidence and proof that General Krstic was
2 aware of the genocidal intent of the perpetrators in Srebrenica, he cannot
3 be held accountable as a superior or commander for failure to prevent or
4 punish genocide.
5 In order to ascertain whether General Krstic is guilty of the
6 crime of complicity, the Prosecution must prove that he knew the persons
7 committing the executions at Srebrenica intended to destroy the Bosnian
8 Muslims as an ethnic group and that, with that knowledge, he assisted the
9 perpetrators in a substantial -- to a substantial degree. It is not
10 necessary for complicity that the Prosecution proves that General Krstic
11 himself shared that genocidal intent.
12 This theory of liability is similar to superior responsibility but
13 includes and involves proof of affirmative acts to assist the perpetrators
14 rather than simply the fact that he was aware of the acts. In both cases,
15 proof is necessary that General Krstic knew that the principal
16 perpetrators acted with genocidal intent. That is what is required.
17 As we have already explained, there is no evidence from which we
18 can conclude that General Krstic had such knowledge, was in possession of
19 such knowledge. In general terms, the Bosnian Serbs and officers of the
20 army of Republika Srpska learnt of these killings much later, and this is
21 evidenced by the testimony of [redacted]
22 [redacted]
23 [redacted]
24 conclude, we may conclude, that the killings were the actions of a small
25 group of individuals in a short space of time and that they were not part
Page 10138
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Page 10139
1 of the general plan of the army of Republika Srpska.
2 Although the Prosecutor argues that there were media reports
3 throughout the world shortly after the events had taken place, it must be
4 considered -- we must take into consideration that those who were at the
5 head of the Zepa operation in the Drina Corps did not have access to the
6 media, precisely because of the operation that was underway at the time.
7 Even if they had known about the killings or had helped the killers in any
8 substantial way, there is no evidence or proof that they knew the killings
9 had been perpetrated with the intent to destroy the Bosnian Muslims as a
10 group.
11 Because of this complete lack of proof regarding knowledge of the
12 genocidal intent of the perpetrators, General Krstic cannot be found
13 guilty of complicity in genocide, as charged in count 2 of the
14 indictment.
15 Your Honours, the consequences of the killings of 7.500 people on
16 those who survived are undoubtedly terrible, but these consequences and
17 results are the same, regardless whether the killings were committed with
18 the intent to take over a certain territory or as punishment or to set an
19 example to what would happen to those who failed to surrender their arms,
20 to prevent people from participating in future fighting, future battles,
21 or with a genocidal intent to destroy an ethnic group. These consequences
22 do not contribute to deciding and determining what the true intent of the
23 killing was.
24 The Prosecutor will be in a position to state that the group was
25 completely destroyed only by defining that particular group as the
Page 10140
1 narrowest possible group, and thereby saying, for example, the Srebrenica
2 Muslims, and then, by force of argument, to change the definition and to
3 use the term "the Muslims of Eastern Bosnia." Looking at the group as it
4 was defined in the indictment, the term "Bosnian Muslims," the degree to
5 which the group was actually destroyed is such that nothing can link it up
6 to true genocide, concepts of genocide as they existed in Nazi Germany,
7 Rwanda, or genocide over the Armenians. There is not a scrap of proof and
8 evidence to show that the perpetrators of the killings looked at the
9 traditional patriarchal structure of the Muslims of Eastern Bosnia when
10 they implemented their executions.
11 When we look at the intercepted conversations, the written orders,
12 and the communication that went on between the perpetrators and the
13 victims, there is not a trace of proof that the perpetrators in fact
14 intended the killings to be part of a general intent to destroy the
15 Muslims as a group.
16 The killings at Srebrenica were horrible, but they were not
17 genocide as defined in the genocide convention in Article 4 of this
18 Tribunal's Statute. Quite simply, there is no proof and evidence upon
19 which this Trial Chamber could conclude beyond all reasonable doubt that
20 the killings were carried out with the intent to destroy, in whole or in
21 part, the Bosnian Muslims as an ethnic group.
22 It will take courage to so rule. It would be politically safer
23 and expedient for the Trial Chamber to add the term "genocide" to the
24 opprobrium heaped upon those responsible for what happened at Srebrenica.
25 But this institution is a court of law, not a political organ. It must
Page 10141
1 apply the law dispassionately, without regard to personal considerations
2 or public opinion.
3 Our history is replete with examples of institutions being
4 strengthened by courageous decisions that were unpopular at the time they
5 were made. If the world is to have confidence in international tribunals,
6 and as a means of holding persons accountable who were responsible and
7 thus deterring future crimes, it must be assured that such tribunals do
8 indeed follow the proof and evidence and are not swayed by public
9 sentiment.
10 Acknowledging the truth about Srebrenica is a must and
11 indispensable to all sides. Part of that truth is that despite the pain,
12 despite the suffering, despite the loss caused by the perpetrators of the
13 killings at Srebrenica, those acts were not done with the intent to
14 destroy, in whole or in part, the Bosnian Muslims as a group. The truth
15 is that General Radislav Krstic is not guilty of genocide or complicity in
16 genocide.
17 In conclusion, the Prosecution's final brief and closing argument
18 is an attempt to find genocidal intent where it does not exist. Had it
19 truly existed, had the intent truly existed that the Bosnian Muslims be
20 destroyed as an ethnic group, the Prosecutor would have had to have been
21 capable of answering the following questions easily:
22 Why weren't the women and children killed in Potocari, as was done
23 with the Jewish, Armenian, and Tutsi women and children? Why were not the
24 Bosnian Muslim males killed in Zepa? Why were the wounded men not
25 killed? Why was a path opened for men from the column to pass to free
Page 10142
1 territory, territory under the control of the army of Bosnia-Herzegovina?
2 Why were the killings in Srebrenica an isolated and case apart in the
3 course of the four-year war in Bosnia? Why did Drazen Erdemovic not know
4 of this intent to destroy the Muslims and why did he not possess that same
5 intent? Why at least not one of the numerous officers of the army
6 of -- and all soldiers of the army of Republika Srpska, and policemen of
7 the Republika Srpska which were interviewed and questioned by the
8 Prosecution, did not confirm evidence of the existence of genocidal intent
9 to destroy the Muslims of Eastern Bosnia? Why did not the Prosecutor find
10 a single document or order to show that the goals of the army of Republika
11 Srpska in July 1995 was to destroy the Bosnian Muslims as a group? Why
12 did not the intercepted conversations reveal that that goal -- it was the
13 goal of the Bosnian Serb army to destroy the Muslims, Bosnian Muslims, as
14 an ethnic group?
15 There can be no satisfactory answers to these questions because
16 the truth is that the killings in Srebrenica, even shameful as they were
17 and which required punishment, were not committed with the intent to
18 destroy the Bosnian Muslims.
19 The Trial Chamber has three possibilities to determine what was
20 the intention of those who were responsible for the killings in
21 Srebrenica. Your Honours, we have prepared a table to assist you to make
22 your determinations. The Srebrenica killings were, according to the
23 submissions of the Prosecution, carried out for the selective killing of
24 men, with the intention of destroying, in whole or in part, the Bosnian
25 Muslims, as stated in the indictment; then the Bosnian Muslims of
Page 10143
1 Srebrenica, as stated in the final brief of the Prosecution; or the
2 Bosnian Muslims from Eastern Bosnia in and around the Srebrenica enclave,
3 as stated in the closing arguments, to destroy them as an ethnic group.
4 That is one possible theory.
5 A second one, according to the testimony of expert witnesses of
6 the Prosecution, was a late decision taken out of vengeance.
7 A third possibility: As punishment for refusing to surrender
8 their weapons as General Mladic had ordered, or as a response to the
9 numerical threat posed by the column and the prisoners to the outnumbered
10 Bosnian Serb army.
11 Your Honours, in these closing arguments, we have endeavoured to
12 demonstrate that the possibility suggested by the Prosecution is simply
13 erroneous. It is not logical, if you have the intent to destroy an ethnic
14 group, to do so searching the woods for men, while at the same time you're
15 escorting the women to safety.
16 There is also absolutely no evidence that General Krstic had this
17 idea in mind, nor that he had any intention to destroy the Muslims as an
18 ethnic group. It would appear to be far more reasonable to conclude that
19 the killings were in retaliation for failure to observe Mladic's demand
20 for the surrender of weapons, or the consequence of a malicious -- of the
21 worst possible solution, that to remove the potential danger which a large
22 number of prisoners represented for the army and the civilian population.
23 The Prosecution's theory is based on an alleged plan that was
24 allegedly compiled on the 11th in the evening. On the other hand, the
25 evidence of the OTP itself, among which from paragraph 5/19 of
Page 10144
1 Mr. Butler's report, OTP Exhibit 403, reference is made to a list of war
2 criminals compiled by the Bratunac Brigade on the 12th of July, 1995.
3 The Prosecution's entire theory is based on the fact that ID
4 documents and other documents of the men in Srebrenica were destroyed.
5 The date when these documents were seized and destroyed has still not been
6 established with certainty. It certainly occurred on the 13th, but for
7 the 12th, there is no reliable evidence.
8 On the other hand, on the 12th, according to the Prosecution's
9 submission, the Zvornik Brigade, and according to their evidence -- I'm
10 sorry, it is the Bratunac Brigade that made a list of more than 200 names
11 of potential war criminals. Now, why would that list have been compiled
12 if already on the 11th in the evening a decision had been taken on what
13 would befall those men?
14 On the other hand, on the 12th, we have no evidence of any mass
15 executions. There are isolated opportunistic killings in Potocari and
16 certain reports about the column. The first report of the large-scale
17 surrender of prisoners and their capture was dated on the 12th, but it was
18 sent to the command on the 13th at 0100 hours. That is the report of
19 Officer Vukotic.
20 So on the 11th and the 12th, there is no evidence -- there was no
21 evidence of the actus reus of genocide.
22 Your Honours, this also shows that the second and third
23 possibilities shown on this table are far more probable, based on the
24 evidence of the Prosecution even, far more probable than the first
25 possibility suggested by the Prosecution.
Page 10145
1 The question facing this Trial Chamber, however, is not to choose
2 one of these three reasonable possibilities. The burden of proof is on
3 the Prosecution to prove, not only that its theory is absolutely correct,
4 but that it is the only reasonable one. If any of the other possibilities
5 should appear to you to be equally reasonable, then you must have
6 reasonable doubt and find General Krstic not guilty of genocide and
7 complicity in genocide.
8 Should you find General Krstic guilty, you have to be convinced
9 beyond any reasonable doubt that the killings in Srebrenica were committed
10 with the intent to destroy the patriarchal base of the Muslims of Eastern
11 Bosnia as an ethnic group and that that was General Krstic's intent.
12 It has been stated that this trial is the quest for truth. The
13 truth as to what happened in Srebrenica in July 1995 has, indeed, come to
14 the surface during the course of the 16 months of this trial. The truth
15 is that many Bosnian Muslims were killed in Srebrenica. It is true that
16 these killings were unjustified, illegal, and immoral. But it is equally
17 true that those killings were not committed with the intention to destroy
18 the Bosnian Muslims as an ethnic group, in whole or in part.
19 If this Trial Chamber is to be true to the facts, true to the rule
20 of law, and true to history, it will determine that General Krstic is not
21 guilty of genocide or complicity in genocide.
22 Thank you, Your Honours. My colleague, Mr. Petrusic, will now
23 have a few closing sentences.
24 MR. PETRUSIC: [Interpretation] Your Honours, we have come to the
25 very end of these proceedings, to the very end of our closing arguments.
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Page 10147
1 The presentation of closing arguments in this trial against
2 General Krstic, a career officer of the army of Republika Srpska, and what
3 kind of an officer he was while serving in that army, we have heard
4 testimony from Defence witnesses. There is ample evidence in those
5 testimonies of his professionalism, of his attitude towards the enemy, of
6 his conduct towards war prisoners, regardless whether they may be Croats
7 or Muslims. There are numerous examples of this honourable attitude of
8 his, even when he was allowing both groups to pass through territory under
9 his control.
10 The Prosecution is telling us that General Krstic is trying to
11 disassociate himself from all these events and to shift the blame to
12 someone else.
13 JUDGE RODRIGUES: [Interpretation] Mr. Petrusic, excuse me for
14 interrupting you, is this noise bothering you or can you continue?
15 MR. PETRUSIC: [Interpretation] I can continue, Mr. President.
16 JUDGE RODRIGUES: [Interpretation] And anyway, I see that Madam
17 Registrar is trying to do something to deal with this noise. I think
18 there is some repair work being done on the roof. So I'm sorry for
19 interrupting you, Mr. Petrusic.
20 MR. PETRUSIC: [Interpretation] As I was saying, my learned
21 colleague Mr. Harmon says that General Krstic wants to disassociate
22 himself from these events by shifting the blame to others. The intention
23 of the Defence throughout this 15-month long period has not been to shift
24 the blame to anyone else. The intention of the Defence was to observe a
25 principle above all other principles that is observed in all legal systems
Page 10148
1 and jurisdictions, that is the principle of truth and to establish what
2 actually happened in Srebrenica and who played what role in those tragic
3 events.
4 The trial of General Krstic, Your Honours, has taken up a great
5 deal of time and, I take the liberty to say, all available resources, and
6 maybe beyond that, of this honourable Trial Chamber.
7 The Defence hopes that the final brief of the Defence and the
8 closing arguments of the Defence, as well as the evidence that is entered
9 in the record, that have been admitted into evidence, will be carefully
10 and thoroughly reviewed by the Trial Chamber, and we have absolute trust
11 in the Trial Chamber that they will, indeed, do so. And pursuing the same
12 logic, the Defence is convinced that the Trial Chamber will come to the
13 conclusion that the Prosecution has failed to prove the responsibility of
14 General Krstic and bring a ruling in conformity with that.
15 The Defence proposes that General Krstic be acquitted of all
16 counts in the indictment.
17 Mr. President, Your Honours, the Defence rests its case.
18 JUDGE RODRIGUES: [Interpretation] Thank you very much,
19 Mr. Petrusic. I wish also to thank the Defence and your assistance given
20 to the Chamber in its deliberations. I thank you and all the members of
21 your team.
22 I now give the floor to Judge Fouad Riad. No.
23 Madam Judge Wald?
24 JUDGE WALD: I do have a very few questions. Mr. Petrusic, I have
25 two for you. The first is, what explanation you would give us, based on
Page 10149
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Page 10150
1 the record, based on the record, and this relates to the time at which
2 General Krstic took over command, what explanation you would give us for
3 the fact that after the 14th, General Zivanovic did not appear to be
4 giving orders and, in fact, told some people, "It's not up to me now, it
5 should go someplace else. I'm packing my backpack"? He seems generally
6 to have faded out of the picture insofar as we can tell from the
7 intercepts. I just wondered if you had any explanation, based on the
8 record, for that.
9 MR. PETRUSIC: [Interpretation] Your Honour Judge Wald, your
10 question, if I may make that conclusion, refers to the intercepted
11 conversation that General Zivanovic had in the morning at 9.56 hours with
12 Colonel Ljubo Beara. It is correct that in that intercepted conversation
13 General Zivanovic said, "I am going to assume a new duty. There will be a
14 new day and new duties, and I'm packing my bags." But in an intercepted
15 conversation that the Defence interpreted for this Trial Chamber yesterday
16 - I may be wrong whether it is 555 or 556 - we will see that the time of
17 that conversation is 2050 hours, and in fact both conversations were
18 conducted after General Zivanovic's conversation with Ljubo Beara.
19 This leads the Defence to conclude, and bearing in mind the
20 content of the intercept of the 14th after 2000 hours, because in that
21 conversation a certain major is addressing General Zivanovic and saying
22 that he's waiting for him on his orders. The very word "order" provides
23 the Defence with a basis to claim that General Zivanovic on the 14th and
24 after 2100 was still there at the command post and continuing to issue
25 orders.
Page 10151
1 The explanation given by General Zivanovic to Colonel Beara,
2 talking about a new day that is coming, this is interpreted by the Defence
3 as rhetorics, but it certainly is indicative of his function as a person
4 issuing orders on the basis of these documents I have referred to.
5 JUDGE WALD: Thank you. I have one more question for you,
6 Mr. Petrusic. That is, you talked about the duality of command of a
7 security officer within the corps, that he was responsible both to his own
8 commander and up the line to the assistant commander on the Main Staff for
9 security purposes who might give him orders, give the security officer in
10 the Drina Corps orders that perhaps the commander would not, would not be
11 aware of.
12 My question to you is, based on your knowledge of the regulations
13 and the testimony that's occurred in the case, do you think that if a
14 commander of the corps found out that his assistant for security had in
15 fact been drawn into service and was using Drina Corps assets to perform a
16 function under the orders of the assistant commander on the Main Staff for
17 security that the commander of the corps felt that they were wrong or they
18 were illegal or something, would the commander of the corps have the
19 authority to override the commander in the Main Staff of the security just
20 insofar as the use of his own security assistant and corps assets were
21 concerned? In other words, if there's a dual command, who wins at the
22 end, if there is a conflict?
23 MR. PETRUSIC: [Interpretation] Your Honour Judge Wald, considering
24 the structure of the Drina Corps and the structure of the Main Staff, and
25 this dualism between the security organs, and the regular chain of command
Page 10152
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Page 10153
1 of the troops and the corps, the Corps Commander, in your example, if he
2 knows that the security organ is using resources for illegal purposes, he
3 could just convey his suggestion against that use to his Superior Command,
4 and that is the Main Staff - so that would be again to the person who
5 issued that order - for illegal use of those resources.
6 JUDGE WALD: Okay. Thank you. That's all I have for you. I have
7 two questions for Mr. Visnjic. Thank you.
8 Mr. Visnjic, on the definitional side of genocide, you have
9 alluded to the fact that we all know that the genocide Article itself says
10 that the necessary intent is to destroy, in whole or in part, a protected
11 group. Okay. Would it not be consonant with that definition if somebody
12 decided, some creator of a genocidal scheme, decided to destroy a part of
13 the wider group? Say the wider group was, as you urge, all Bosnian
14 Muslims, and say that the primary perpetrator of a genocidal scheme
15 decided that he would destroy a part of the Bosnian Muslims, say the part
16 that's in Srebrenica or some other city. He's only going to destroy that
17 part. He doesn't have an intent to destroy all the Bosnian Muslims, but
18 he thinks that by destroying that part, it's going to intimidate further,
19 other objectives as to the rest, as to the rest of the Bosnian Muslims.
20 He only has to kill that one part to make his point vis-a-vis the others.
21 Do you not think that that would be sufficient to satisfy the statutory
22 requirement for genocidal intent, or do you think that it wouldn't be
23 substantial enough?
24 MR. VISNJIC: [Interpretation] Your Honour, if I have understood
25 you correctly, my answer would be that it would be possible for him to
Page 10154
1 destroy a part of a group to show something to others. Now, the question
2 is what his intention is to show to others and whether his intent is to
3 destroy the whole group.
4 Maybe we could use an example. In the policies of ethnic
5 cleansing, killings occur, but they are part of the policy of ethnic
6 cleansing, not part of a policy of destruction of the group. Maybe I did
7 not understand you quite.
8 JUDGE WALD: I think you've given me an answer, but let me pursue
9 one more example, and that would be: Suppose that a General wanted to
10 conquer a particular area and he wanted the people in the villages which
11 were held by the opposite side to surrender their arms, to give up to
12 him. In one instance, he says, "As to this town here, I'm going to --"
13 This is a hypothetical, but "As to this town here, I'm going to destroy
14 the people. I'm going to consciously destroy that community. That's
15 going to show the people in similar communities that they better watch
16 out, and I don't intend to destroy them necessarily, because they will
17 surrender their arms and I'll win out the territory. So my only intent is
18 to destroy that one town in order to further an objective of conquering by
19 normal means the rest of the area." I just want to know if you would say
20 yes or no to that being genocide.
21 MR. VISNJIC: [Interpretation] No. I would say no, but if I may, I
22 would elaborate. My personal opinion is that that would not be genocide.
23 But even if we were to say that that was genocide, then things would not
24 happen as they happened in the examples I have given. There would not be
25 those omissions - allowing the wounded, the women and children to
Page 10155
1 leave - at the time that potential decision was taken, and then I think
2 that plan would have to be far more clearly expressed for the others to
3 understand the threat. It wouldn't be a secret plan; it would be a public
4 plan to send out a warning to others. But as your question was a
5 theoretical one, perhaps there's no need to go further into any details.
6 JUDGE WALD: My last question to you: You gave us a table and you
7 mentioned three possible intents that we could find that might explain why
8 the people that perpetrated the plan on the killings would have done so.
9 The second was vengeance, and I think the third, at least part of the
10 third, was in retaliation for failure to surrender the arms. I don't have
11 it in front of me. But my basic question is: Isn't it possible that if
12 somebody, in the course of pursuing a military objective, decides, perhaps
13 out of vengeance -- somebody is furious at the other side for not having
14 surrendered their arms, for not having given up, so they say, "I'm so full
15 of fury, I'm so mad at those people, I want to kill them all, and I'm
16 going to kill them all. It's vengeance, I admit it's vengeance, but I'm
17 going to kill them all because of their refusal to surrender to me." If
18 the group he was talking about killing all is a bona fide group under the
19 genocide Statute, and if his intent is to kill them, whether in whole or
20 in part, why isn't that genocide, even though it's taken out of vengeance
21 and vengeance is the motive, still the intent? Why isn't the intent there
22 to kill the group, part of the group, so that it would qualify, despite
23 the fact it doesn't come from ethnic hatred, to begin with?
24 MR. VISNJIC: [Interpretation] Your Honour Judge Wald, I could
25 agree that the motive is not a requirement for genocide, but out of the
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Page 10157
1 possible options that we have suggested, I would be more prone to say it
2 was a combination of the second and third possibilities. Why? Because if
3 a decision had been taken to kill them all, why, then, would a part
4 immediately be spared of that fate and another part executed? Why would
5 then that other part be transported, at the cost of great effort, from one
6 place where they were captured, to a second location, and then to a third,
7 and from there onwards?
8 I think that perhaps a combination - partly vengeance; and
9 secondly, potential military threat - would give a clearer idea as to what
10 might have happened in this particular case. Whether the revenge could be
11 so controlled as to focus only on military-aged men, that's a question,
12 Judge Wald, that I don't believe is possible. If it is revenge, it is
13 uncontrolled, it is instantaneous, terribly aggressive, but there's no
14 possibility of controlling it to a target group, and especially it is not
15 indicative of the intent that the Prosecution would have us believe, that
16 it was through the killing of men that the targeted group was to be
17 destroyed. Revenge does not contain those elements of control, as the
18 Prosecution has submitted that the army of Republika Srpska did this
19 systematically and in a planned manner.
20 JUDGE WALD: Thank you. That's all I have.
21 JUDGE RODRIGUES: [Interpretation] Thank you, Madam Judge Wald. I
22 too have two questions for Mr. Petrusic, please.
23 According to the evidence presented before this Chamber, could you
24 make a comparison between the role of General Zivanovic and that of
25 General Krstic in the Krivaja operation, and also the same two people in
Page 10158
1 relation to the Zepa operation.
2 MR. PETRUSIC: [Interpretation] Mr. President, what is the common
3 denominator in my answer? General Krstic, in both cases, in Srebrenica
4 and Zepa, he was at the forward command post, so he was somebody who was
5 in charge of the operation. Let us leave aside for the moment what
6 happened on the 10th and 11th and what was done by General Mladic, for the
7 moment. So from the forward command post, from both forward command
8 posts, he was the author and armiger of the control and command, in
9 conformity with the decision taken by his commander, General Zivanovic.
10 General Zivanovic, in both operations - let us leave aside his arrival at
11 the forward command post at Srebrenica on the 10th, 11th, and 12th - he
12 was at the command post in Vlasenica. In both cases, General Krstic had
13 him as his superior officer. He was his superior officer. In both cases,
14 General Krstic is in the company of his staff officers, and the command
15 and the assistant commanders were either at the Vlasenica command post or
16 on assignment, which they could have received only from their own
17 commanders. That could be the characteristics of both military operations
18 if I were to compare them.
19 JUDGE RODRIGUES: [Interpretation] Another question, Mr. Petrusic,
20 along the same lines of a comparison: How do you see General Zivanovic
21 and General Krstic, that is, their presence at the meetings at the Fontana
22 Hotel?
23 MR. PETRUSIC: [Interpretation] Mr. President, with your
24 permission - and what I say will contain an answer to your question - all
25 the other participants, whether they were General Zivanovic, General
Page 10159
1 Krstic, representatives of the civilian authorities, other officers, were
2 just -- were mere observers at that meeting. None of them took an active
3 role. They didn't speak, or anything like that, at those meetings. For
4 the sake of truth, at the first meeting that was held in the Fontana
5 Hotel, we see General Zivanovic towards the very end having a drink with
6 the participants in the meeting. So let me repeat: All the participants
7 in the meeting have the same position with respect to what was happening,
8 and that applies to both General Zivanovic and General Krstic, that is, in
9 relation to General Mladic.
10 JUDGE RODRIGUES: [Interpretation] Yes, Mr. Petrusic. If I am not
11 wrong, I believe that General Zivanovic participated at the meeting of the
12 11th, and General Krstic was a participant at two meetings on the 12th.
13 In the evidence presented, do you see any reason to explain why General
14 Zivanovic did not participate in all the meetings, did not attend all the
15 meetings, or why General Krstic did not attend all the meetings? In other
16 words, I think that the persons present at the meetings, except for the
17 representatives of the Muslims change [as interpreted], and the
18 only -- do not change. The only person that is changing is the change
19 between General Krstic and General Zivanovic; am I right?
20 MR. PETRUSIC: [Interpretation] General Zivanovic was present at
21 the first meeting that took place about half past 8.00 in the evening; and
22 on the 11th in the evening, at the second meeting. And at the third
23 meeting, on the 12th in the morning, he was not present. If we examine
24 the topic of discussion at the first meeting, and that is ensuring of
25 means of transport as the topic, and if we link that to the order of the
Page 10160
1 following day, of the 12th of July, issued by General Zivanovic, to ensure
2 means of transport, I explain that that is the reason for his absence on
3 the 12th; that is, after that meeting, he went to provide and ensure those
4 means of transport.
5 What is the reason for General Krstic's presence at the meetings
6 on the 11th in the evening at 2300 hours and on the 12th in the morning at
7 1000 hours? Before the meeting at 11.00 in the evening, there was a
8 meeting of members of the Serb army at which General Mladic issued an
9 order to General Krstic to engage the necessary units for Zepa. Having
10 received that order, General Krstic has no rational reason for going to
11 the command post at Vlasenica. The units that were to participate in that
12 operation were there at that location in that area, so far closer to
13 Bratunac where the meeting was being held than Vlasenica where the command
14 post is.
15 As such an operation requires adequate preparations and his own
16 staff officers were there, the only staff officer who assists in the
17 drafting of an order is Colonel Vicic, so he, too, was there; not at the
18 meeting, but present in Bratunac. And that is what I consider to be the
19 reason for General Krstic's attendance at the meetings on the 11th and the
20 12th as part of the preparations for the operation.
21 JUDGE RODRIGUES: [Interpretation] Very well, thank you,
22 Mr. Petrusic. Thank you very much. I have no further questions.
23 So I wish to thank both parties for their contributions once
24 again. And since we have completed the closing arguments, all that
25 remains for me to say is to close the proceedings and the Chamber will
Page 10161
1 withdraw to deliberate.
2 You know that an important moment in the work of the Chamber is
3 the rendering of a judgement. The Chamber will do everything in its power
4 to try to deliver its judgement towards the end of July. And when I say
5 that we will try, I am saying that this is not a commitment, it is an
6 objective on our part.
7 This Chamber in this case has always had that objective in mind.
8 We are setting that objective now. Of course, there are frequent upsets
9 in the organisation which may prevent us, but in any event, we will spare
10 absolutely no effort to achieve that goal.
11 Having said that, the hearing is adjourned, and we will meet again
12 on a date that will be announced subsequently.
13 --- Whereupon the hearing adjourned at 12.43 p.m.
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