1 - A Glossary of Terms is included in Annex I to this Judgment.
2 - Prosecutor’s Submission Related to Rule 65 ter (E)(ii) and (iii), 16 Oct 2000 (“Matters not in dispute”), par 8.
3 - Pre-Trial Conference, T 118.
4 - Matters not in dispute, par 4.
5 - Matters not in dispute, par 5.
6 - Ex P 14, Ex P 15/1; FWS-33 (Ex P 106, p 469); Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, p 647); Osman Subasic (Ex P 286, p 4047). “FWS” is the acronym chosen by the Office of the Prosecutor to designate witnesses testifying in cases concerning the conflict in Foca for whom protective measures involving the use of pseudonyms were granted, and for consistency the Chamber has adopted this same system. The identity of all witnesses was known to the Accused.
7 - FWS-66 (T 1047); FWS-33 (Ex P 106, p 446); FWS-182 (T 1573-1574).
8 - FWS-66 (T 1047-1048).
9 - FWS-111 (T 1296).
10 - FWS-33 (Ex P 106, p 541).
11 - FWS-66 (T 1050); FWS-86 (T 1447); FWS-33 (Ex P 106, p 448); FWS-111 (T 1296) ; FWS-182 (T 1572).
12 - See for example FWS-66 (T 1048-1049).
13 - Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, p 643).
14 - FWS-33 (Ex P 106, p 450).
15 - Dzevad S Lojo (T 2519, 2522-2523).
16 - Osman Subasic (Ex P 286, p 4049, 4053); FWS-86 (T 1451); FWS-33 (Ex P 106, pp 456-457); FWS-182 (T 1574-1575) who described it as a “public secret” that the Serbs were arming themselves.
17 - FWS-182 (T 1658-1659); Slobodan Jovancevic (T 5545); Risto Ivanovic (T 6103).
18 - FWS-86 (T 1452); FWS-33 (Ex P 106, pp 575-576).
19 - FWS-33 (Ex P 106, p 575); FWS-86 (T 1451).
20 - FWS-73 (T 3191).
21 - FWS-15 (T 3001-3003).
22 - FWS-66 (T 1050); FWS-111 (T 1191).
23 - Osman Subasic (Ex P 286, p 4061).
24 - FWS-86 (T 1450).
25 - Ex P 24.
26 - Osman Subasic (Ex P 286, p 4058).
27 - Osman Subasic (Ex P 286, pp 4055-4056).
28 - Ex D 73.
29 - FWS-33 (Ex P 106, p 500).
30 - FWS-86 (T 1448).
31 - FWS-33 (Ex P 106, pp 451-452); Osman Subasic (Ex P 286, pp 4050, 4054, 4058-4059).
32 - FWS-A (T 5521); Radomir Dolas (T 5811); FWS-54 (T 726); FWS-249 (Ex P 161, p 2074); Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, p 651); FWS-33 (Ex P 106, p 450).
33 - FWS-162 (T 1348) personally took his family out of Foca on 11 or 13 April, first to Ustikolina; FWS-A (T 5521); RJ (T 3824); FWS-249 (Ex P 161, p 2074); FWS-210 (T 4820).
34 - FWS-33 (Ex P 106, p 460); FWS-198 (T 941) was alerted by his Serb neighbour.
35 - FWS-162 (T 1350).
36 - Zoran Mijovic (T 6216); Radomir Dolas (T 5811); Risto Ivanovic (T 6070).
37 - Slobodan Jovancevic (T 5541).
38 - Milomir Mihajlovic (T 5627); Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, p 653).
39 - Lazar Stojanovic (T 5724) (in Cere`luk).
40 - Osman Subasic (Ex P 286, p 4059); FWS-182 (T 1575).
41 - Lazar Stojanovic (T 5724); FWS-182 (T 1575); FWS-82 (T 1691) (saying that the conflict broke out on 6 April); FWS-142 (T 1816); FWS-119 (T 1929); FWS-249 (Ex P 161, p 2080). See agreed facts stated in par 12, supra.
42 - Such as Visegrad, Cajnice, Rudo and Rotagica, according to a broadcast of Radio Sarajevo: Dzevad S Lojo (T 2530).
43 - Slobodan Solaja (T 5491); FWS-33 (Ex P 106, p 462).
44 - FWS-215 (T 825); Osman Subasic (Ex P 286, pp 4061, 4131); FWS-66 (T 1054) all reported that hostilities started on 7 April 1992. FWS-54 reported the first shelling as having started on 6 April 1992 (T 727); FWS-139 (T 311); FWS-86 (T 1450).
45 - FWS-139 (T 312); Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, T 659); FWS-172 (T 4548).
46 - FWS-54 (T 726).
47 - Slobodan Jovancevic (T 5556).
48 - Osman Subasic (Ex P 286, pp 4061, 4131).
49 - Slobodan Jovancevic (T 5559).
50 - Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3717-3718); FWS-172 (T 4547-4548).
51 - FWS-162 (T 1347); FWS-215 (T 826); FWS-82 (T 1693); FWS-03 (T 2226-2228); FWS-71 (T 2773-2774); FWS-15 (T 2996-2998); FWS-113 (T 2525); FWS-73 (T 3190); FWS-69 (T 4031); FWS-33 (Ex P 106, p 462).
52 - FWS-82 (T 1692-1693); FWS-210 (T 4822-4824).
53 - FWS-215 (T 828); FWS-33 (Ex P 106, pp 464-465); Osman Subasic (Ex P 286, pp 4061-4062); FWS-66 (T 1060) (who estimated between four and five days); FWS-85 (T 588).
54 - Osman Subasic (Ex P 286, p 4063); Lazar Stojanovic (T 5725).
55 - FWS-66 (T 1060).
56 - The Trial Chamber understands that the term “non-Serb” connotes both religious and political distinctions, but does not proceed upon the basis that different ethnicities within the former Yugoslavia constitute different races within the meaning of Article 5(h) of the Statute. See Prosecutor v Tadic, Case IT-94-1-T, Judgment, 14 July 1997 (“Tadic Trial Judgment”), par 714, in which the Trial Chamber found that the accused “shared the concept that non-Serbs should forcibly be removed from the territory, thereby exhibiting a discriminatory basis for his actions and that this discrimination was on religious and political grounds”.
57 - See, par 35 infra.
58 - Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, p 660).
59 - FWS-104 (T 2153-2155).
60 - FWS-104 (T 2155).
61 - FWS-104 (T 2156-2157) and Jusco Tarragon (T 3006-3009).
62 - FWS-119 (T 1931-1933).
63 - FWS-144 saw Jelec, Susjesno, Budanj and Izbisno burning (T 2294-2296). FWS-69 saw the villages of Podgaj, Banjine, Gradac, Ratina and Govze burning, as well as his own house in Jelec (T 4034, 4036-4037, 4052-4053). Close to the village of Laza, a soldier asked FWS-69 to confirm that certain houses were Muslim. After he did so, the houses were set on fire (T 4053). Nezir Cengic saw Govze, Drace, Poljice, Banjine, Izbisno and Mrdjanovici burning (T 4683, 4701). FWS-49 saw Govze, Jelec, Drace, Polijice, Banjine, Izbisno, and Mrdjanovici burning (T 4683).
64 - Nezir Cengic was arrested with four other elderly people from Rataja (T 4683-4685).
65 - FWS-249 (Ex P 161, pp 2099-2101); FWS-144 (T 2294-2296).
66 - FWS-144 (T 2295-2296); FWS-69 (T 4042-4044); FWS-249 (Ex P 161, p 2083); Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, pp 683-685).
67 - Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, pp 683-685); FWS-69 (T 4054); FWS-69 gave the number of people killed in Jelec as 35 (T 4043, 4046, 4048).
68 - Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, pp 684-685); FWS-69 (T 4054).
69 - In Kozja, Luka and Budanj: FWS-249 (Ex P 161, p 2083); FWS-69 (T 4035).
70 - Sokolina, Cilec and Vis: FWS-69 (T 4043).
71 - Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3725-3727).
72 - Osman Subasic (Ex P 286, pp 4063-4066).
73 - Osman Subasic (Ex P 286, pp 4069-4070).
74 - Osman Subasic (Ex P 286, p 4069).
75 - FWS-96 (Ex P 186, pp 2501-2502, 2504).
76 - Ibid.
77 - FWS-96 (Ex P 186, pp 2504-2505, 2511-2512).
78 - FWS-113 (T 2518); Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, p 659).
79 - FWS-35 (T 2731); Muhamed Lisica (T 4834); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3718); RJ (T 3827-3828); FWS-146 (T 3063, 3065).
80 - Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, p 679); FWS-73 (T 3192, 3209); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3730); FWS-69 (T 4049); Juso Taranin (T 3005-3007).
81 - FWS-113 (T 2519).
82 - FWS-96 (Ex P 186, p 2498); FWS-215 (T 831-832); FWS-139 (T 316); FWS-66 (T 1061); FWS-35 (T 2740); FWS-69 (T 4030-4032); FWS-33 (Ex P 106, pp 485-486); FWS-138 (T 2039-2040); RJ (T 3823-3825, 3833, 3839); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2527); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3435-3436).
83 - RJ (T 3840); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2526); Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, T 673).
84 - Slobodan Solaja (T 5495).
85 - Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, pp 672-673); FWS-249 (Ex P 161, p 2087).
86 - FWS-03 (T 2230-2231); FWS-139 (T 316-317); FWS-35 (T 2739); Juso Taranin (T 3036-3037); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3437, 3440, 3519); RJ (T 3840); FWS-249 (Ex P 161, p 2096); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2527).
87 - Juso Taranin (T 3048); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3436).
88 - FWS-139 (T 316-317).
89 - Divljan Lazar (T 6012); Slobodan Jovancevic (T 5572); Zoran Mijovic (T 6402); Zarko Vukovic (T 6759); FWS-66 (T 1063).
90 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3437); FWS-33 (Ex P 106, p 488); FWS-249 (Ex P 161, p 2096).
91 - Rasim Taranin (T 1693-1694); FWS-104 (T 2198-2200); FWS-35 (T 2718-2719, 2721-2722, 2730-2731, 2733, 2736); RJ (T 3840); Muhamed Lisica (T 4825-4827); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2633). The evidence led by the Defence that Muslims were restricted to their apartments for their own safety is rejected (Zoran Mijovic T 6389).
92 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4825-4827).
93 - FWS-85 (T 580); FWS-33 (Ex P 106, pp 487-488). See also Ex D 40 which refers to the Operative Staff/Executive Committee of the Serbian Municipality of Foca. It contains an order for lists to be made identifying “loyal citizens” who would be allowed to leave by the authorities.
94 - FWS-162 (T 1342-1343); FWS-58 (T 2673).
95 - Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, p 670); FWS-215 (T 858); FWS-139 (T 317); FWS-182 (T 1579-1582); FWS-3 (T 2229-2230); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2528); FWS-35 (T 2729, 2731, 2736); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3438); FWS-86 (T 1453, 1456); FWS-58 (T 2675, 2677) and FWS-249 (Ex P 161, pp 2093-2095). Juso Taranin (T 3037) said that the military police were searching for a radio transmitter.
96 - Juso Taranin (T 3038, 3048).
97 - FWS-249 (Ex P 161, p 2093).
98 - FWS-86 (T 1448); FWS-182 (T 1579-1582); Rasim Taranin (T 1692-1693); FWS-69 (T 4037-4040).
99 - FWS-162 (T 1340, 1346); FWS-182 (T 1575); FWS-73 (T 3188-3192, 3284).
100 - FWS-249 (Ex P 161, pp 2117, 2121).
101 - FWS-249 (Ex P 161, pp 2080-2081); FWS-66 (T 1061); FWS-111 (T 1188); FWS-86 (T 1457); FWS-113 (T 2529); Safet Avdic (Ex P 123 pp 674-676); FWS-138 (T 2020); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3728); RJ (T 3842).
102 - FWS-139 (T 313, 315); FWS-33 (Ex P 106, pp 469, 486-487); FWS-A (T 5533); FWS-54 (T 727); FWS-111 (T 1191-1192); Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, pp 661-664).
103 - FWS-215 (T 834); FWS-A (T 5533).
104 - FWS-89 (T 4657).
105 - FWS-111 (T 1191-1192).
106 - See also FWS-33 (Ex P 106, pp 466, 470, 527); Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, pp 661-662); FWS-215 (T 833); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2529).
107 - FWS-66 (T 1140); FWS-111 (T 1188); FWS-215 (T 930); Slobodan Jovancevic (T 5557); FWS-138 (T 2121); FWS-113 (T 2529); FWS-33 (Ex P 106, p 531); FWS-A (T 5533); Vitomir Drakul (T 5693); Risto Ivanovic (T 6080); Miladin Matovic (T 6422); Arsenije Krnojelac (T 6912-6913); Bozo Drakul (T 7171-7173); Bozidar Krnojelac (T 7364); Slavica Krnojelac (T 7495).
108 - Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, pp 674-675); FWS-54 (T 727-728).
109 - RJ (T 3826).
110 - FWS-249 (Ex P 161, pp 2099, 2166-2167); Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, p 665).
111 - FWS-73 (T 3188).
112 - FWS-139 (T 416).
113 - FWS-66 (T 1061); FWS-111 (T 1192-1193); FWS-139 (T 315-316); FWS-73 (T 3187); Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, p 669); FWS-54 (T 728); Rasim Taranin (T 1710, 1720).
114 - FWS-33 (Ex P 106, p 487); FWS-249 (Ex P 161, pp 2133-2134); FWS-96 (Ex P 186, p 2550); Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, p 668).
115 - FWS-111 (T 1191-1192).
116 - FWS-69 (T 4054); FWS-249 (Ex P 161, p 2133).
117 - RJ (T 3825); Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, p 665).
118 - FWS-144 (T 2315-2316); RJ (T 3901).
119 - FWS-215 (T 854-856); FWS-66 (T 1064-1066); FWS-182 (T 1586); Juso Taranin (T 3004-3006, 3008, 3044); FWS-109 (T 2359-2361, 2364); FWS-58 (T 2701-2702); FWS-71 (T 2820-2822, 2824); FWS-73 (T 3216-3217, 3263); RJ (T 3861); FWS-69 (T 4054-4056).
120 - FWS-146 (T 3063-3065, 3074, 3089); Nezir Cengic (T 4688-4690, 4693, 4701-4703).
121 - FWS-104 (T 2194-2197).
122 - FWS-33 (Ex P 106, pp 491-494).
123 - See par 24, supra.
124 - See par 26, supra.
125 - See par 25, supra.
126 - Ex P 287 (under seal); Ex P 288, Ex P 289, Ex P 290. See also Osman Subasic (Ex P 286, pp 4101-4110, 4140); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3809-3810).
127 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3545); FWS-250 (T 5051-5054); Ex P 9/1.
128 - Dzevad Lojo (T 574); FWS-215 (T 834); FWS-54 (T 730); FWS-139 (T 318); FWS-86 (T 1454); FWS-182 (T 1582); FWS-142 (T 1816); Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1936); FWS-144 (T 2296); FWS-109 (T 2352); FWS-120 (T 3114).
129 - FWS-66 (T 1066); FWS-198 (T 943); FWS-215 (T 827, 856); FWS-54 (T 729); Dzevad Lojo (T 551); FWS-86 (T 1453).
130 - FWS-111 testified that he, the director of his working place and the other Muslim worker were taken to the basement, that their hands were tied with bandages and they were taken out through the side door of the building (T 1195-1196). FWS-172 testified that Dr Aziz Torlak was taken away from the hospital on 24 April and that he himself was taken away with two colleagues, Enver Cemo and Izet Causevic, on 25 April from his working place (T 4554).
131 - Dr Amir Berberkic testified that he had not yet recovered from his leg wounds and was not able to stand on his feet without crutches when he was taken from Foca hospital to the KP Dom (T 3731). Safet Avdic corroborated the evidence that sick people were brought directly from the hospital (T 682).
132 - FWS-33 (Ex P 106, p 484); Bozo Drakul (T 7250).
133 - FWS-33 (Ex P 106, pp 473-478, 511, 619). See also, FWS-142 (T 1816-1818).
134 - FWS-33 (Ex P 106, p 478).
135 - FWS-33 (Ex P 106, p 479); FWS-111 (T 1195-1203); FWS-182 (T 1583-1586).
136 - FWS-96 (Ex P 186, pp 2516, 2531-2532, 2560, 2597, 2599-2600).
137 - FWS-186 (T 1534).
138 - FWS-33 (Ex P 106, pp 506-507); Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, p 691).
139 - Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, pp 676, 757); FWS-249 (Ex P 161, pp 2102-2107; FWS-58 (T 2679-2684).
140 - See for example FWS-33 (Ex P 106, pp 481-482, 483).
141 - See pars 116-124, infra.
142 - At its peak in the summer of 1992, there were about 500-600 detainees at the KP Dom. The number decreased from the autumn of 1992 until 1993 when about 200-300 detainees remained. Around October 1994, the last detainees, by then numbering less than 100, were released. See, eg, FWS-66 (T 1078); FWS-111 (T 1218); FWS-162 (T 1313); FWS-139 (T 329-330); FWS-54 (T 743); FWS-85 (T 583-584); FWS-65 (T  548); FWS-86 (T 1531-1532); FWS-138 (T 2035, 2038); FWS-104 (T 2205): FWS-03 (T 2273); FWS-71 (T 2893); FWS-113 (T 2560); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3682); RJ (T 3898); FWS-69 (T 4163-4164); FWS-33 (T 508); Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, pp 686-687); Muhamed Lisica (T 4850-4851). See also par 35, supra.
143 - For instance, FWS-139 (T 319); FWS-66 (T 1068); FWS-82 (T 1700); FWS-73 (T 3194); FWS-250 (T 5021) were detained at the KP Dom for almost or more than two and a half years.
144 - See par 134, infra; Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, pp 689-690).
145 - Several detainees were in fact hidden from the Red Cross; see, FWS-111 (T 1267-1268); FWS-215 (T 880-881); FWS-65 (T 530); FWS-139 (T 332); FWS-162 (T 1437); FWS-182 (T 1588); FWS-82 (T 1750-1752); FWS-71 (T 2897); FWS-214 (T 3935-3937).
146 - See pars 122-124, 133-144, infra.
147 - See pars 139, 149-155, 158, 160-165, infra.
148 - See pars 137-138, infra.
149 - See par 136, infra.
150 - See pars 140-141, infra.
151 - See FWS-66 (T 1086-1088); FWS-111 (T 1230-1234); FWS-162 (T 1393-1395); FWS-54 (T 750); FWS-139 (T 344-345); FWS-182 (T 1618-1619, 1686); FWS-08 (T 1782-1783, 1806).
152 - See par 134, infra.
153 - See par 374, infra.
154 - See pars 142, 217-306, infra.
155 - See par 143, infra.
156 - See pars 250, 260, 287, infra.
157 - See pars 139, 442-443, infra.
158 - See pars 477-485, infra.
159 - Ex D 40, Zoran Mijovic.
160 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3615); Juso Taranin (T 3030-3041).
161 - FWS-104 (T 2198-2199).
162 - Ex P 291; See also Osman Subasic (Ex P 286, pp 4111-4112).
163 - Amor Masovic (T 4239).
164 - FWS-96 (Ex P 186, p 2499).
165 - Prosecutor v Tadic, IT-94-1-AR72, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, 2 Oct 1995 (“Tadic Jurisdiction Decision”), pars 65, 67. Although these requirements are relevant to other Articles of the Statute as well, only Article 3 is of immediate concern.
166 - Tadic Jurisdiction Decision, par 137, confirmed in Prosecutor v Delalic and Others, IT-96-21-A, 20 Feb 2001 (“Delalic Appeal Judgment”), pars 140,150.
167 - Tadic Jurisdiction Decision, par 67.
168 - Tadic Jurisdiction Decision, par 70.
169 - Tadic Jurisdiction Decision, par 70; Prosecutor v Kunarac and Others, IT-96-23-T & IT-96-23/1-T, Judgment, 22 Feb 2001 (“Kunarac Trial Judgment”), par 402; Prosecutor v Delalic and Others, IT-96-21-T, Judgment, 16 November 1998 (“Delalic Trial Judgment”), par 193; Prosecutor v Blaskic, IT-95-14-T, Judgment, 3 Mar 2000, (“Blaskic Trial Judgment”), pars 65,69.
170 - Tadic Jurisdiction Decision, par 70.
171 - Tadic Jurisdiction Decision, par 94; endorsed in Prosecutor v Aleksovski, IT-95-14/1-T, Judgment, 25 June 1999 (“Aleksovski Trial Judgment”), par 20.
172 - Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 404.
173 - Count 4.
174 - Counts 7 and 15.
175 - Count 10.
176 - The Appeals Chamber has consistently interpreted Article 3 to be a general clause covering all violations of humanitarian law not falling under Article 2 or covered by Articles 4 or 5 of the Statute. Tadic Jurisdiction Decision, par 89, confirmed in Delalic Appeal Judgment, pars 125,136.
177 - Delalic Appeal Judgment, par 420. There is the unresolved matter of whether the common Article 3 phrase “each Party to the conflict shall be bound to apply” means that only parties to a conflict or individuals acting for such parties are bound by common Article 3. See Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 407; Prosecutor v Akayesu, ICTR-96-4-T, Judgment, 2 Sept 1998 (“Akayesu Trial Judgment”), pars 631, 633; Prosecutor v Kayishema and Ruzindana, ICTR-95-1-T, Judgment, 21 May 1999 (“Kayishema and Ruzindana Trial Judgment”) pars 175-176; Prosecutor v Rutaganda, ICTR-96-3-T, Judgment and Sentence, 6 Dec 1999 (“Rutaganda Trial Judgment”) pars 97-98; Prosecutor v Musema, ICTR-96-13-T, Judgment and Sentence, 27 Jan 2000 (“Musema Trial Judgment”) pars 266, 274; Pictet (gnl ed), Commentary to Geneva Convention IV, ICRC, 1958, pp 26-44; remarks of Special Rapporteur in Final Record of the Diplomatic Conference of Geneva of 1949, Vol II-B, Article 2A, Federal Political Department, pp 332; contra the views expressed in Le Procureur c/Akayesu, Affaire ICTR-96-4-A, Arrest, 1er Jun 2001, pars 12-28, 425-446. The Trial Chamber considers it unnecessary to resolve this matter. Assuming that a link between a principal offender and a party to the conflict is required, the Accused clearly acted for the Serb side to the conflict.
178 - Count 18.
179 - Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 410.
180 - Prosecutor v Tadic, IT-94-1-A, Judgment 15 July 1999 (“Tadic Appeal Judgment”), par 251; Kunarac Trial Judgment, pars 415-417; Kayishema and Ruzindana Trial Judgment, par 122.
181 - Tadic Appeal Judgment, par 248; Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 418.
182 - Kunarac Trial Judgment, pars 421-426; Tadic Trial Judgment, pars 635-644.
183 - Tadic Appeal Judgment, par 248; Kunarac Trial Judgment, pars 427-431.
184 - Tadic Appeal Judgment, par 248; Kunarac Trial Judgment, pars 433-435.
185 - See Tadic Jurisdiction Decision, par 141; Tadic Appeal Judgment, par 249.
186 - Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 415.
187 - Tadic Appeal Judgment, par 251.
188 - Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 420.
189 - Tadic Appeal Judgment, par 251.
190 - Kunarac Trial Judgment, pars 418, 592.
191 - Prosecutor v Kupreskic and Others, IT-95-16-T, Judgment, 14 Jan 2000 (“Kupreskic Trial Judgment”), par 550.
192 - See for example Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 417 ff.
193 - Kunarac Trial Judgment, pars 421-426.
194 - Tadic Trial Judgment, pars 638, 643; Prosecutor v Jelisic, IT-95-10-T, Judgment, 14 Dec 1999 (“Jelisic Trial Judgment”), par 54; Blaskic Trial Judgment, par 214; Kunarac Trial Judgment, 425.
195 - See Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 428; Tadic Trial Judgment, par 648; Blaskic Trial Judgment, par 206; Akayesu Trial Judgment, par 580.
196 - Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 429. See also Blaskic Trial Judgment, par 203; Tadic Trial Judgment, par 648.
197 - See fn 1109 in Kunarac Trial Judgment, at page 144 which relies, inter alia, upon the following authorities: the Judgment of the International Military Tribunal for the Trial of the German Major War Criminals, Nuremberg 30 September/1 October 1946 (“Nuremberg Judgment”), reprinted in Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945–1 October 1946, Vol 1, pp 84, 254, 304 (with respect to Streicher) and pp 318-319 (with respect to Von Schirach); Articles 9 and 10 of the Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Prosecution and Punishment of the German Major War Criminals, Berlin, 6 October 1945 (“Nuremberg Charter”); the Control Council Law No 10 case of the court at Stade (Germany) ILR 14/1947, pp 100-102; Supreme Court of the British Zone, OGH br Z, Vol  I, p 19 and Vol II, p 231; In re Altstötter, ILR 14/1947, pp 278, 284; the Dutch case In re Ahlbrecht, ILR 16/1949, p 396; the Australian case Ivan Timofeyevich Polyukhovich v The Commonwealth of Australia and Anor, (1991) 172 CLR 501, Case FC 91/026 at 1991 Aust Highct LEXIS 63, BC9102602; Yearbook of the International Law Commission (“ILC”) (1954); Vol II, p 150; Report of the ILC on the Work of its 43rd Sess, 29 Apr–19 July 1991, Supp No 10 (UN Doc No A/46/10), pp 265-266, of its 46th sess, 2 May–22 July 1994, Supp No 10 (UN Doc No A/49/10), pp 75-76, of its 47th sess, 2 May–21 July 1995, pp 47, 49, 50, and of its 48th sess, 6 May–26 July 1996, Supp No 10 (UN Doc No A/51/10), pp 93, 95-96.
198 - See Prosecutor v Kordic and Cerkez, Case IT-95-14/2-T, Judgment, 26 Feb 2001 (“Kordic and Cerkez Trial Judgment”), par 182; Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 432.
199 - See Tadic Appeal Judgment, par 248; Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 434; Tadic Trial Judgment, par 659; Kupreskic Trial Judgment, par 556; Blaskic Trial Judgment, pars 247, 251; Kordic and Cerkez Trial Judgment, par 185.
200 - Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 434.
201 - Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 434; Blaskic Trial Judgment, par 251.
202 - See Matters not in dispute, par 8.
203 - See pars 12-50, supra.
204 - T 7887-7888, 7895.
205 - T 7890 7892.
206 - See pars 125-127, 169-173, 308-320, 486-502 (where findings in relation to individual charges are made), infra.
207 - See pars 52, 60-62, supra.
208 - Delalic Appeal Judgment, pars 143, 150.
209 - Tadic Jurisdiction Decision, par 98; Delalic Appeal Judgment, par 143; See also Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 808 (1993), 3 May 1993, S/25704, par 35.
210 - Tadic Jurisdiction Decision, par 134 (“[...] customary international law imposes criminal liability for serious violations of common Article 3 [...]”. (emphasis added)); Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 408.
211 - Delalic Appeal Judgment, pars 134, 147.
212 - Tadic Jurisdiction Decision, pars 134; See also Chapter Sixteen of the SFRY Criminal Code, entitled “Criminal Acts Against Humanity and International Law”, Article 142(1) (“War crimes against the civilian population”) of the SFRY Criminal Code falls within the said Chapter, and it provides as follows: “Whoever in violation of rules of international law effective at the time of war, armed conflict or occupation, orders that civilian population be subject to killings, torture; inhuman treatment [...], immense suffering or violation of bodily integrity or health [...] [...] other illegal arrests and detention [...] forcible labour [...] or who commits one of the foregoing acts, shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than five years or by the death penalty.” This Article gives effect to the provisions of Geneva Convention IV and Additional Protocols I and II; Prosecutor v Tadic,  IT-94-1-T, Sentencing Judgment, 14 July 1997, (“Tadic Sentencing Judgment”) par 8; Tadic Jurisdiction Decision, par 134; confirmed in Delalic Appeal Judgment, par 174.
213 - See, inter alia, pars 40-41, 61, supra.
214 - See reasoning and more detailed findings in par 350 ff, infra.
215 - Rule 89(B).
216 - Rule 93(A) limits the admission of such evidence to where it is in the interests of justice.
217 - Delalic Appeal Judgment, par 458.
218 - Ibid.
219 - For example, the Trial Chamber and the Defence were informed by the Prosecution during the course of the proceedings that witness Muhamed Lisica had spoken to witness Ekrem Zekovic after that witness had given his evidence and prior to Muhamed Lisica giving his own evidence. The Prosecution claimed that the witnesses had not discussed the trial. However, it was also disclosed by the witness Muhamed Lisica that, soon after his release from the KP Dom, he and witness Ekrem Zekovic met in Sarajevo and discussed the bloodstains on the Zastava Kedi vehicle (See pars 334-335, infra). On the basis of these conversations, witness Muhamed Lisica made a new statement to correct his earlier statement. In his new statement, he stated that he washed the vehicle alone whereas in his previous statement he claimed to have washed it with Ekrem Zekovic (T 4997-4999, 5010-5016). Rasim Taranin gave evidence that on 15 January 2001 he saw a portion of the trial from the public gallery. He only saw it briefly from the corner as he was asked to leave (T 1690). Ahmet Hadzimusic prepared his evidence in writing in 1999 when he knew that he would be coming to testify (MFI 15). He had not prepared himself for the statement he gave to investigators (T 1951, 1980, 1986-1988). Ekrem Zekovic prepared notes after his release from the KP Dom in 1994-1995. These notes were not comprehensive (T 3707). FWS-73 had spoken to other witnesses before giving evidence. The names are noted on Ex P 433 (T 3373-3375). FWS-172 gave evidence that he prepared a list of names of persons who disappeared just after he got out of prison. He compiled the list from memory and did so to enable him to answer the questions of families (T 4560). The list was entered into evidence (Exs P 299/P 299A/P 299A). The list was prepared on the basis of a joint shared memory (T 4611). FWS-73 gave evidence that he talked to a number of people prior to giving his evidence. They were witnesses who were to give evidence at trial. Their names were written down and tendered into evidence Ex P 433 (T 3373-3375). FWS-109 prepared a list of names of the persons taken out in the evenings about one month after his release (T 2386-2391, 2403 Ex P 421). Dzevad S Lojo prepared notes prior to trial. He made notes in April 1993. The notes were complied from his memory (T 2539-2540). However, the list of those names had been added to after he spoke to the Red Cross and saw their list of the missing (T 2453-2456). FWS-71 kept a private diary in the KP Dom which was taken from him when he was exchanged. About a month after he left, he wrote down notes which he later typed. He primarily relied on his own memory but also on the memory of others. The first notes he put down in December 1994. He consulted with the people who were in the camp with him and made the typed notes. He only had the typed notes with him when he gave evidence (T 2868-2873). FWS-162 prepared notes of the names of persons killed in the KP Dom (T 1397). FWS-137 made a list of the names of people who were taken out so that he could tell their families. The list was taken away from him when he left the KP Dom, and he made a new list and other notes when he knew he would be coming to the Tribunal. He made the original and the duplicate in 1993, Ex P 444 (T 4751-4556). FWS-215 made notes while detained at the KP Dom. They were taken away from him while detained at the KP Dom and reconstructed by him after his release (T 918-920).
220 - Prosecutor v Aleksovski, IT-95-14/1-A, Judgment, 24 Mar 2000 (“Aleksovski Appeal Judgment”), par 62.
221 - Tadic Appeal Judgment, pars 191-192. This statement has been interpreted by the Prosecutor as meaning that an accused person who does not personally physically perpetrate the crime can still be held to have committed the crime when he or she participated in a joint criminal enterprise.
222 - Tadic Appeal Judgment, par 192.
223 - Tadic Appeal Judgment, par 188.
224 - Delalic Appeal Judgment, pars 429-430; Aleksovski Appeal Judgment, par 182.
225 - See Prosecutor v Brdanin and Talic, Decision on Form of Further Amended Indictment and Prosecution Application to Amend, IT-99-36 PT, 26 June 2001 (“Brdanin and Talic Decision on Form of Further Amended Indictment”), par 27, fn 108; See also Prosecutor v Furundzija, IT-95-17/1-T, Judgment, 10 Dec 1998 (“Furundzija Trial Judgment”), pars 245, 249; Kupreskic Trial Judgment, par 772; Tadic Appeal Judgment, par 229; Prosecutor v Furundzija , IT-95-17/1-A, 21 July 2000 ( “Furundzija Appeal Judgment”), par 118.
226 - Prosecutor v Krstic, IT-98-33-T, Judgment, 2 Aug 2001 (“Krstic Trial Judgment”), pars 642-643.
227 - Prosecutor v Kvocka and Others, IT-98-30/1-T, Judgment, 2 Nov 2001 (“Kvocka Trial Judgment”), pars 249, 284.
228 - Kvocka Trial Judgment, pars 287-289.
229 - The jurisprudence of the post-World War II cases surveyed by Trial Chamber I in Kvocka drew no distinction between the categories of co-perpetrator and aider and abettor in determining the criminal responsibility of the accused, as Trial Chamber I conceded: Kvocka and Others Trial Judgment, par 282, See also fn 488.
230 - An accomplice to a joint criminal enterprise refers to a person who shares the intent of that enterprise and carries out acts to facilitate the commission of the agreed crime: Furundzija Trial Judgment, pars 245, 249; Kupreskic Trial Judgment, par 772; Tadic Appeal Judgment, par 229;  Furundzija Appeal Judgment, par 118.
231 - See Nuremberg Charter, Control Council No. 10.
232 - See Brdanin and Talic Decision on Form of Further Amended Indictment, par 27.
233 - See Brdanin and Talic Decision on Form of Further Amended Indictment, pars 24 - 27.
234 - Tadic Appeal Judgment, par 227.
235 - Decision on Form of Second Indictment, 11 May 2000, par 15; See also Tadic Appeal Judgment, par 227(ii); Furundzija Appeal Judgment, par 119.
236 - Decision on Form of Second Amended Indictment, 11 May 2000, par 15. In that decision, the direct participant in the joint criminal enterprise, ie the person who physically perpetrates the crime is referred to as a co-perpetrator rather than a perpetrator. Given the ambiguity surrounding the term co-perpetrator engendered by the Prosecution’s arguments referred to above, the Trial Chamber prefers to use the term principal offender to make it clear that it is only the person who physically carries out the crime personally that commits that crime. In par (ii); the Trial Chamber refers to a person being present at the time the offence is committed by another. However, presence at the time a crime is committed is not necessary. A person can still be liable for criminal acts carried out by others without being present – all that is necessary is that the person forms an agreement with others that a crime will be carried out.
237 - Brdanin and Talic Decision on Form of Further Amended Indictment, par 26.
238 - Indictment, par 5.1.
239 - Decision on Form of Second Indictment, 11 May 2000, par 11.
240 - Indictment, pars 5.17, 5.21, 5.22 and 5.26.
241 - Indictment, par 5.41.
242 - That is, not within an extended common purpose.
243 - Although it is not necessary for the purposes of this case, the Trial Chamber notes that the Indictment also alleges that the Accused participated in or aided and abetted the execution of a common plan involving imprisonment, torture and beatings, killings, forced labour, inhumane conditions and deportation and expulsion as persecution (Indictment, par 5.2). This sufficiently put the Accused on notice that the common purpose was also alleged for those crimes identified as part of the persecution count where charged as separate offences.
244 - Kupreskic Appeal Judgment, par 14.
245 - Prosecution Pre-Trial Brief, pars 45, 47-56.
246 - Prosecution Pre-Trial Brief, pars 57-62.
247 - Furundzija Trial Judgment, pars 235, 249.
248 - Furundzija Trial Judgment, pars 233, 234,249; Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 391.
249 - Aleksovski Appeal Judgment, par 162.
250 - Aleksovski Trial Judgment, par 129; Blaskic Trial Judgment, par 285; Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 391.
251 - Furundzija Trial Judgment, par 232; Tadic Trial Judgment, par 689; Kunarac Trial Judgment par 393.
252 - Aleksovski Appeal Judgment, par 162; Tadic Appeal Judgment, par 229; Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 392.
253 - Aleksovski Appeal Judgment, par 162.
254 - Delalic Appeal Judgment, pars 189-198, 225-226, 238-239, 256, 263; Aleksovski Appeal Judgment, par 72.
255 - Delalic Appeal Judgment, pars 205-206.
256 - Delalic Appeal Judgment, pars 192-194, 266.
257 - Delalic Appeal Judgment, pars 196-198.
258 - Blaskic Trial Judgment, par 303; Aleksovski Trial Judgment, par 106.
259 - Delalic Appeal Judgment, pars 223-226.
260 - Delalic Appeal Judgment, pars 196-197.
261 - Delalic Appeal Judgment, par 226.
262 - The Accused gave evidence that he ceased working at the KP Dom at the end of July 1993 (T 7708). He filed a request with Radojica Mladenovic in June 1993 requesting that he be relieved of his duty in the KP Dom and he was replaced around the end of July 1993 when he received a decision on the termination of his employment (Ex P 46A, OTP interview 6 June 2000, pp 2-3). Although Ex P 3 would seem to indicate that the Accused remained as warden of the KP Dom until 8 September 1994, the Prosecution did not contend that this was the case. The Accused explained that it was possible that he stayed on the record for reasons of social security as he did not find a new job until 1994 when he started working as a school principal (T 7710). Some witnesses estimated when the Accused ceased to be warden of the KP Dom: FWS-139, early October 1993 (T 398-399); FWS-66, mid-1993 (T 1127); FWS-162, October 1993 (T 1406); FWS-215, mid-1993 (T 916); FWS-182, mid-1993 (T 1653); FWS-138, 1993 (T 2098); FWS-250, the escape of Ekrem Zekovic (T 5066-5067).
263 - The Accused (T 7599).
264 - Ex D 33A, Ex D 33-1-A (Decree on the Organisation and Discharge of Work Obligation for the Needs of the Defence).
265 - Milomir Mihajlovic (T 5642); Vitomir Drakul (T 5666-5667); Slobodan Jovancevic (T 5569); Zarko Vukovic (T 6757); Svetozar Bogdanovic (T 7081); Slavica Krnojelac (T 7495); Zoran Mijovic (T 6217); Miladin Matovic (T 6423); Arsenije Krnojelac (T 6984); Milan Pavlovic (T 6871).
266 - Ex D 77A. At one point in his testimony the Accused states that he was appointed both warden and director of the economic unit by the Ministry of Defence in August 1992, although he had already started working in this function in July 1992 (T 7638).
267 - Ex D 78A states that the Accused is dismissed from the position.
268 - Ex P 3, no 129.
269 - The Accused (T 7711).
270 - Ex P 2 (Letter from the warden of the KP Dom, Zoran Sekulovic, submitting information on the KP Dom).
271 - FWS-139 (T 297).
272 - Prior to the conflict, the KP Dom was a prison for convicted male detainees: FWS-139 (T 294). The capacity of the KP Dom was between 1000-1200 inmates, although it appears that just prior to the conflict in 1992 there were only about 200-400 prisoners: FWS-138 (T 2021).
273 - FWS-139 (T 295); Zoran Mijovic (T 6376).
274 - FWS-138 (T 2025); FWS-139 (T 297).
275 - FWS-139 (T 298).
276 - Divljan Lazar (T 6050).
277 - FWS-139 (T 298).
278 - In the Opening Statement of the Defence, Counsel stated that “The Defence intends to tender many exhibits, and that will show how unfounded many of the counts in the indictment are in view of the true role and position that Milorad Krnojelac had in the KP Dom Foca” (T 5162), and “There is clear-cut evidence that prisoners of war of Muslim ethnicity, as well as detainees who had violated regulations in the army of the Republika Srpska, (were( under full factual and formal control of the military command and the military authorities. For this purpose the Defence will submit many documents which unequivocally show that the accused, Milorad Krnojelac, was the civilian warden and that he did not have any authority, either formally or factually, over these persons” (T 5177).
279 - (T 7599); Ex D 77A.
280 - The Defence sought to tender the document through witness Milenko Dundjer (T 5349-5358).
281 - Ex D 30A; T 5353-5354.
282 - T 5356, 5357.
283 - T 5358.
284 - The Prosecutor attempted to cross-examine the accused on the certificate. Counsel for the accused objected on the ground that the certificate had not been admitted into evidence (T 7867-7870).
285 - Milomir Milhajlovic (T 5651-5653); Svetozar Bogdanovic (T 7084); Slavica Krnojelac (T 7533); Zoran Vukovic (T 5777-5779); Krsto Krnojelac (T 5921-5922).
286 - These two individuals are Radojica Tesovic and Veselin Cancar. Tesovic was the previous warden who was either replaced because he did not agree with SDS policy, or refused to continue working in the position as warden after the conflict started and became the director of the farm at Brioni: FWS-214 (T 3939); Ex P 438 (under seal); Risto Ivanovic (T 6105); FWS-109 (T 2348); FWS-138 (T 2024); FWS-182 (T 1648); FWS-113 (T 2612). In criminal proceedings against him before the Canton Court in Sarajevo, Veselin Cancar stated that members of the Crisis Staff had tried to persuade him to take up the post of KP Dom Director. He claimed that his refusal was accepted and that he was sent to the field as a quartermaster instead, an appointment he agreed with: Ex P 36A p 4, Ex P 37A p 2.
287 - The Accused gave evidence that he was not threatened by Mladenovic to accept the position. However, he said that he believed that if he had not accepted the position the military police would have been called in (T 7855). Two witnesses gave evidence that the brother of the Accused, Arsenije Krnojelac, had criticised his acceptance of the position as warden calling him an idiot and an arsehole for accepting it: FWS-73 (T 3205); FWS-216 (T 3458). Arsenije Krnojelac denied making any of these statements (T 6926-T 6927, T 6934-T 6935) and the Trial Chamber does not rely upon it.
288 - The Accused’s gave evidence that he filed a request with Radojica Mladenovic in June 1993 requesting that he be relieved of his duty in the KP Dom and was subsequently dismissed (T 7708); Ex P 46A, OTP interview, 6 June 2000, pp 2-3. He submitted his resignation because he did not want the responsibility of determining which persons assigned to work duty at the KP Dom would go to the front line and which persons would remain working at the KP Dom (T 7859-7865).
289 - RJ gave evidence that he found out from Z that the Accused had first been offered the position of army commander which he had rejected. Because of this, when he was offered the position of warden he could not refuse it. RJ claimed that people in mixed marriages like the Accused whose wife was Croatian did not enjoy a favourable position (T 3832-3834). This was not followed up in the evidence of the Accused.
290 - T 7604, 7844; Bozidar Krnojelac (T 7419, 7605).
291 - T 7846.
292 - Ex D 85A; Ex D 38A; Ex D 38-1-A; Ex P 4; Ex P 5; Vitomir Drakul (T 5687); Zoran Vukovic (T 5769-5770); Risto Ivanovic (T 6083-6084); Zoran Mijovic (T 6274); Miladin Matovic (T 6440-6441); Milosav Krsmanovic (T 6614-6616). To the contrary, a number of Prosecution witnesses testified that the KP Dom was not divided into military and civilian parts and that it was one institution under one command: FWS-139 (T 389); FWS-66 (T 1129); FWS-215 (T 917); FWS-65 (T 482-483); FWS-86 (T 1565); FWS-198 (T 962). The Accused gave evidence that Mladenovic negotiated the terms of the lease and that he merely signed the lease agreement on behalf of the KP Dom. He claimed that the Ministry of Justice was informed that he had leased part of the KP Dom to the army command and that he did not have to report to the Ministry of Justice about Muslim detainees held in the KP Dom (T 8215, 7639).
293 - With respect to which matters he reported to the Ministry of Justice: the Accused (T 7639). Ex D 80A is a letter dated 7 May 1992 addressed to the Executive Committee of the Serbian Municipality of Foca and signed by the Accused as the acting warden, requesting the supply of metal sheeting to repair roofs damaged by the conflict. Ex D 81A is a letter dated 7 May 1992 addressed to the Serbian Police Station in Foca and signed by the Accused as acting warden, reporting vehicles that had been stolen from the KP Dom. Ex D 82A is a request dated 7 May 1992 to the Serbian Police signed by the Accused as acting warden requesting that a vehicle be given to the KP Dom. Slobodan Javancevic (T 5617-5618); Milomir Mihajlovic (T 5628); Zoran Vukovic (T 5772); Krsto Krnojelac (T 5918); Risto Ivanovic (T 6086-6087); Lazar Divljan (T 5979-5780); Zoran Mujovic (T 6236); Milovan Dubrilovic (T 6373); Miladin Matovic (T 6438-6439); Zarko Vukovic (T 6754, 6756); Milan Pavlovic (T 6877); Arsenije Krnojelac (T 6951); Slavica Krnojelac (T 7502). The Drina Economic Unit is described at par 362 infra.
294 - The Accused (T 8217-8128). Ex P 2 dated 28 October 1998 to the Ministry of Justice from Warden of the KP Dom, Zoran Sekulovic in response to a request for a list of employees who worked between 18 April 1992 until 31 October 1994, states that “A unit was set up in Foca Penal and Correctional Facility that spent part of the time on the front lines and a part of the time on work obligation in the period from 30 September 1992 until 2 September 1993. The members of the unit were issued certificates concerning their service in the VRS in the said period.”
295 - T 7688-7690 (Private Session).
296 - Defence witnesses Lazar Divljan, Radomir Dolas, Miladin Matovic and Miloslav Krsmanovic all gave evidence that Savo Todovic was in charge of the military section of the KP Dom (T 5982, 5819, 6440, 6616). Lazar Stojanovic gave evidence that the guards were under military command (T 5716). Risto Ivanovic and Zoran Mijovic gave evidence that they received orders from Mitar Rasevic who would assign them their working hours (T 6114, T 6274). Zoran Mijovic and Miladin Matovic both claimed that the Accused never gave orders to the guards as his authority was limited to matters concerning convicts who were already in the KP Dom before the outbreak of the conflict (T 6274, T 6388, T 6443); Ex D 115A, statement of Blagojevic Dragomir, Ex D 116A statement of Rasevic Cedo, Ex D 121A, statement of Zoran Vukovic, all stating that the Accused was not responsible for the military section of the KP Dom.
297 - Lazar Divljan (T 5982); Radomir Dolas (T 5817, T 5862); Milenko Dundjer (T 5496); Miladin Matovic (T 6439-6441); Miloslav Krsmanovic (T 6616); Ex D 114A statement of Risto Ivanovic.
298 - During the first 2-4 weeks after the start of the conflict, the KP Dom was “policed” by military units, apparently from the Uzice Battalion: FWS-86 (T 1463). Muslim detainees were rounded up, arrested and taken to the KP Dom by paramilitary units: FWS-85 (T 585). Inside the KP Dom it was mainly members of the military who supervised the Muslim detainees during their first weeks of captivity: FWS-182 (T 1587); FWS-210 (T 4840); Risto Ivanovic (T 6082). From about 18 or 19 April 1992 onwards, at around the same time that the Accused was appointed warden, former Serb guards from the KP Dom returned to carry out their work assignments: FWS-66 (T 1081); FWS-111 (T 1212-1213); FWS-86 (T 1463); FWS-182 (T 1649); FWS-71 (T 2916); FWS-214 (T 3965); FWS-210 (T 4841). Ex P 2 list of employees who carried out their work obligation at the KP Dom. Lazar Diviljan gave evidence that the guards addressed the Accused as “upravnik” which means warden (T 6033); Milosav Krsmanovic gave evidence that at the KP Dom the Accused was addressed as warden (T 6664).
299 - The Accused admitted that there was no separate guard or security service with regard to the Drina Economic Unit (T 7956). Miladin Matovic gave evidence that the rehabilitation officer of the KP Dom was in charge of both Serb convicts and Muslim detainees (T 6492-6493). Ex D 29A Official Gazette of the Serbian People in BH, 12-17 May 1992 Decision on establishment of penal and correctional institutions in the territory of the Serbian Republic of BH; Article 2: “Penal and correctional institutions in the territory of the Serbian Republic of BH shall be taken over and shall continue to operate as organs of the state administration of the Republic; Article 4: The internal organisation of the KPO/penal and correctional institutions/shall be determined by the rules on internal organisations issued by the warden with the agreement of the Minister of Justice; Article 5: The security of the KPO shall be provided by the employees working in those institutions up to now and, if necessary, employees of the MUP/Ministry of the Interior/police shall help them; Article 11: Penal and correctional institutions shall be managed by the warden and deputy warden appointed by the Minister of Justice.” Ex D 30A letter dated 25 July 1992 from Minister Momcilo Mandic to the Warden of the KP Dom: “Subject: Answer to your question concerning the status of Foca KPD. Foca KPD was established in July 1992 pursuant to a Decision of the Presidency of the Serbian Republic of BH/Bosnia and Herzegovina/ which will be published in one of the forthcoming issues of the Official Gazette of the Serbian People in BH. The Decision envisaged Foca KPD as a general closed prison with separate sections for detainees, convicted minors, young adults and women. Work units will be formed in the KPD when necessary and registered with the competent Lower Court in Trebinje. Finance is provided by the budget of the Serbian Republic of BH. Please send this Ministry a list of employees so that salaries can be ensured. We also hereby inform you that Milorad Krnojelac is appointed warden of the prison. Please find enclosed the decision on his appointment”. FWS-214 (T 3965) and FWS-139 (T 396) gave evidence that Mitar Rasevic made it clear to them that only the warden could improve the situation of the detainees after they made complaints to him about the living conditions and beating of detainees.
300 - FWS-139 (T 395); FWS-66 (T 1132); FWS-111 (T 1281); FWS-198 (T 961); FWS-54 (T 749); FWS-85 (T 619); FWS-86 (T 1484); FWS-182 (T 1649); FWS-138 (T 2102); FWS-03 (T 2263-2264); FWS-71 (T 2915); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2619); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3962); FWS-69 (T 4143); FWS-172 (T 4591); FWS-137 (T 4769); Muhamed Lisica (T 4983); Lazar Stojanovic (T 5753); Radomir Dolas (T 5815); Miladin Matovic (T 6443). Zoran Miljovic and Risto Ivanovic both gave evidence that the Accused never issued orders to the guards (T 6274-6276, T 6089-6090). However there was evidence that the Accused did on occasion instruct the guards to do certain things: FWS-86 (T 1466).
301 - A number of Prosecution witnesses gave evidence that Savo Todovic was the deputy warden of the KP Dom and second in command to the Accused: FWS-139 (T 393, T401); FWS-65 (T 475); FWS-82 (T 1703); FWS-119 (T 1982); FWS-71 (T 2912); FWS-109 (T 2410); FWS-113 (T 2619); FWS-73 (T 3296); FWS-111 (T 1280); FWS-85 (T 630); FWS-144 (T 2317); FWS-66 (1132); Todovic was responsible for assigning work duties to the Muslim detainees: FWS-198 (T 969); FWS-86 (T 1499); FWS-14 (T 2316); FWS-71 (T 2912); FWS-113 (T 2619); FWS-109 (T 2410); FWS-113 (T 2619); FWS-214 (T 3959); FWS-73 (T 3297); FWS-216 (T 3491); FWS-249 (T 4500). As a result of Todovic’s direct authority over the Muslim detainees in the KP Dom, many saw him more often than the Accused and this led some of them to conclude that he had more authority than the Accused: FWS-54 (T 812); FWS-82 (T 1703); FWS-08 (T 1800); FWS-249 (T 4503). To other detainees however he was clearly subordinate to the Accused: FWS-198 (T 1027); FWS-85 (T 700); FWS-73 (T 3324). The Accused gave evidence that, on at least one occasion, Todovic prepared a document for his signature (T 8177-8180).
302 - There was no evidence to suggest that the pre-conflict reporting system that operated in the KP Dom ceased when the Accused took up the position as warden of the KP Dom. The system functioned as follows: each position held within the KP Dom had a logbook that was maintained by the employees. All new facts relevant to that position would be recorded by the employees in the log book: FWS-138 (T 2030). The heads of the various guard units would give both verbal and written reports to the chief of the section. The written report would then be given to the chief of the guards, chief of the rehabilitation unit and the warden: FWS-138 (T 2030). If an unusual event took place during a guard’s shift he would inform the officer on duty who was under an obligation to report to the warden. The warden would in turn call the police who would attend with an investigative judge: FWS-138 (T 2030). Where complaints were made by inmates about a guard, the inmate would write a report to the rehabilitation officer. The complaint would be passed on to the chief of the guards or the warden. The chief of the rehabilitation unit would deal with less serious complaints. There was no evidence that any person was appointed to this position during the Accused’s time as warden at the KP Dom. Ex P 2 which lists employees at the KP Dom during the relevant period does not identify any of those employees as holding this position. Where a guard had acted incorrectly, disciplinary action would follow: FWS-138 (T 2032). The warden had an obligation to report serious incidents, such as the beating of an inmate by a guard, to the Ministry of Justice: FWS-138 (T 2030-2034). Inmates could apply to see the warden through the guards. The warden would see the inmates about certain complaints: FWS-138 (T 2032). The Accused claimed that he did not have the rules and procedure to punish (T 7964-7965).
303 - FWS-138 requested that the Accused allow him to leave the KP Dom to see if his old uncle was still alive. The Accused allowed it but the permission of the U`ice Battalion units had to be secured. This was given and he was escorted by a soldier and the Accused’s son (T 1473-1475); FWS-66 gave evidence that the Accused permitted him to make various visits to his mother under the escort of his son Bozidar, dressed in military uniform (T 1112-1113); FWS-111 was permitted by the Accused to make a telephone call to his wife after sending a request via a guard (T 1271-1272);  FWS-85 gave evidence that at his brother’s request they were taken to see the Accused and tried to discuss whether it would be possible for them to leave the KP Dom and go to Montenegro (T 621-625). Later, a failed exchange and the issue of food were discussed (T 627-628); FWS-65 gave evidence that he asked the guards if the warden would receive him and was taken that day. He asked to have the food improved and the Accused said he would see what he could do (T 479); FWS-182 asked the guards to take him to see the warden where he asked the Accused for medical help. The Accused said that he would see what he could do (T 1599); RJ was taken to see the Accused on a number of occasions and made various complaints to him (T 3846-3880); When he told the Accused about mistreatment of the detainees, the Accused said that he had no power to prevent it (T 3917); Ekrem Zekovic gave evidence of soldiers mistreating him and the Accused intervening to stop them (T 3450); Muhamed Lisica gave evidence that he complained to the Accused about the food and was told that the Accused could do nothing about it (T 4895, 4889-4896). He also asked the Accused why all the civilians were locked up and the Accused told him that it was not for him to decide such things, but for the command (T 4889); FWS-119 gave evidence of Cankusic going to the Accused to find out the fate of his sons. He was told by the Accused that they had been sentenced and gone to serve their time in Bileca and that it was necessary for them to be beaten to have them confess (T 1980).
304 - FWS-214 (T 3965); FWS-139 (T 396); FWS-215 (T 863); FWS-54 (T 777-779); FWS-85 (T 628); FWS-182 (T 1596); FWS-82 (T 1704); FWS-08 (T 1769-1771); FWS-142 (T 1821); FWS-104 (T 2189); FWS-109 (T 2410); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3947); FWS-73 (T 3200-3206); FWS-111 (T 1323); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3965).
305 - FWS-73 (T 3236); Ex P 48A, pp 13-15; Ex D 64; (T 7707).
306 - The Accused gave unsubstantiated evidence to the contrary in private session (T 7690) which the Chamber does not accept as giving rise to any reasonable possibility that his evidence was true.
307 - Ex P 4A is the request of Miro Stanic, Commander, Srpska Territorial Defence Headquarters, dated 8 May 1992 to the KP Dom: “We request utilisation of your premises for accommodation of prisoners of war. The premises will be used on a temporary basis and after the premises are no longer needed we will hand them over in a proper condition”. Ex P 5A is the Decision issued by the Accused as temporary warden on 10 May 1992 following the request of the Foca Tactical Group/Command (Ex D 38A). It states: “The premises of the Foca Penal and Correctional Facility are temporarily allocated for the accommodation of prisoners-of-war and detained persons. The user of the premises is obliged to maintain them and return them in good condition”.
308 - Ex D 83A is a letter to the Ministry of Economy of Republika Srpska dated 7 December 1992, signed by the Accused as warden of the KP Dom, in which he asks for approval of an allocation of 20 tons of oil. The reasons given are the necessity of light for the farm animals and for security.
309 - Ex D 39A is a report dated 6 May 1993, signed by the Accused as Warden, in which he requests the provision of additional personnel to carry out security and the necessary funds for the accommodation, food, hygiene and other needs of the inmates and a special vehicle for the transport of inmates.
310 - Ex D 107A is a request from the Accused as warden to the Military Post 7141 Foca Garrison, dated 3 March 1993, in which he requests quantities of food: “Pursuant to the agreement on making KPD premises available for the accommodation of detained persons, the Foca KPD/ Correctional Facility/holds Muslim detainees and Serbian offenders from the ranks of the Republika Srpska Army. For the purpose of feeding them please approve allocation of the following food supplies”.
311 - The Accused (T 7630); Ex D 105A; Ex D 106A; Ex D 107A.
312 - FWS-85 (T 627); FWS-65 (T 479); RJ (T 3859); FWS-119 (T 1981); FWS-250 (T 5062); Safet Avdic (T 478-479); Muhammed Lisica (T 4889).
313 - FWS-182 (T 1599).
314 - The Accused (T 7692-7693). Ekrem Zekovic and FWS-210 both gave evidence that the Accused would sometimes give instructions to detainees working in the metal workshop (T 3445-3446, 4872).
315 - Ex D 85A.
316 - Ex D 29A Official Gazette of the Serbian People in BH.
317 - Ex D 85A Report dated 24 Nov 1992 to the Ministry of Justice of Republika Srpska, signed by the Accused as Manager, on the convicted persons at the KP Dom, the business units and the property damage due to the conflict.
318 - Ex D 88A letter dated 27 July 1992 to the Foca Tactical group advising of Serb convicts who wished to be released from the KP Dom to enable them to voluntarily join fighting units and recommending that only two are suitable candidates, signed by the Accused as Temporary Administrator.
319 - Ex D 42A; Ex D 43A; Ex D 45A; Ex D 46A; Ex D 48A; Ex D 54A. Witness FWS-86 gave evidence of being taken to the Accused’s office and speaking to his brother on the telephone. His brother said he would like him to be exchanged and the Accused insisted that his brother should try and find someone to swap him for (T 1478).
320 - Ex D 66A; Ex D 67A; Ex D 66-1-A; Ex D 66-2-A; Ex D 67A; Ex D 67-1-A.
321 - Ex D 54A is a document dated 7 September 1992 in which Commander Colonel Marko Kovac orders that certain authorities be permitted to arrest persons, orders that the VP Company Commander and the Chief of Security be permitted to release persons from custody, and orders that the warden of the KP Dom be informed of the Order.
322 - Ex D 39A.
323 - Ex D 50A; Ex D 51A. These documents, dated 2 July 1992 and 11 July 1992 respectively, record permissions granted by Colonel Marko Kovac for the wife and daughter of Lazar Stojanovic to visit him at the KP Dom.
324 - Ex D 55A is an Order of Commander Kovac dated 27 May 1993 in which he orders that Captain Kovac be removed from the military payroll and transferred to work detail at the KP Dom. Ex D 71A dated 8 May 1993 is an Order to the Foca Tactical Group Command from Commander Kovac ordering that a vehicle of the KP Dom be taken and handed to the Foca Hospital and that Arsenije Krnojelac and Miroslav Krsmanovic, who had been assigned to the KP Dom for compulsory work service, shall be the drivers.
325 - Miladin Matovic (T 6432, 6573, 6577); Risto Ivanovic (T 6089); Miladin Matovic (T 6431); Ex D 34A; Decision of Executive Committee of the Serbian Municipality of Foca, dated 26 April 1992 and signed by Radojica Mladenovic, stating that the KP Dom is granted permission to impose a work obligation on persons fit for work who are not engaged in Yugoslav Army Units, that a work obligation should be imposed on workers according to the list submitted by the Foca KPD which had been approved by the Crisis Staff of the Serbian Municipality of Foca, and that, if necessary, the Crisis Staff of the Serbian Municipality of Foca and the Command of the Yugoslav’s Peoples Army Unit shall engage workers mentioned in the previous item depending on the circumstances. Ex P 2 dated 28 October 1998 to the Ministry of Justice from Warden of the KP Dom, Zoran Sekulovic, in response to a request for a list of employees from 18 April 1992 until 31 October 1994: “A unit was set up in Foca Penal and Correctional Facility that spent part of the time on the front lines and a part of the time on work obligation in the period from 30 September 1992 until 2 September 1993. The members of the unit were issued certificates concerning their service in the VRS in the said period.”
326 - Zoran Mijovic (T 6221, 6400-6401).
327 - In one instance a commander of the U`ice Battalion tried to remove two persons from the KP Dom. The Accused refused to allow the commander to take anyone unless he received a document to that effect. It was only after some documents were presented that the Accused allowed the commander to remove the detainees: FWS-86 (T 1486). In another incident, members of the White Eagles were provoking a Muslim detainee. The Accused intervened, told the soldiers to go away and they obeyed his command: Ekrem Zekovic (T 3450). In a further incident, a busload of women and children arrived at the KP Dom. Members of the White Eagles were threatening to kill the women and children if they were not paid the same day. The Accused intervened and told them to call their superior to resolve the situation: FWS-120 (T 3129-3142, 3166-3167).
328 - The Accused told RJ that he would instruct the investigators to conduct an interview with him so that the Accused could then take the documents to the Crisis Staff and ask them to permit the release of RJ. RJ was subsequently interviewed and the Accused told him that he had taken the documents to the Crisis Staff: RJ (T 3848-T 3850).
329 - FWS-86 (T 1473); FWS-111 (T 1277); Muhamed Lisica (T 4889).
330 - See Imprisonment par 126, infra.
331 - Ex D 54A.
332 - Article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) states that nobody shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile. Article 9 of the ICCPR (1966) requires that no one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention. Article II of the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid (1973) defines the “arbitrary arrest and illegal imprisonment of the members of a racial group or groups” as an act constituting the crime of apartheid. The Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) enshrines in Article 37(b) that no child shall be deprived of his or her liberty unlawfully or arbitrarily.
333 - The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950) enshrines in Article 5 the right to liberty and security and states that no one shall be deprived of his liberty except in particular cases, as enumerated in the Convention. The American Convention on Human Rights (1969) provides in Article 7 that “no one shall be deprived of his physical liberty” except in certain cases and that “no one shall be subject to arbitrary arrest or imprisonment”.
334 - Kordic and Cerkez Trial Judgment, pars 292-303.
335 - Kordic and Cerkez Trial Judgment, pars 301-302.
336 - Kordic and Cerkez Trial Judgment, par 302. Unlike the instant case, imprisonment under Article 5 was charged in connection with unlawful confinement under Article 2, both charges referring to the same act, the alleged illegal detention of Bosnian Muslims, par 273.
337 - Kordic and Cerkez Trial Judgment, par 303.
338 - International instruments use various terms to refer to deprivation of liberty, including inter alia “arrest,” “detention” and “imprisonment”. The Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment, as adopted by the General Assembly resolution 43/173 of 9 December 1988, defines these terms in its preamble while declaring that the principles enshrined shall apply “for the protection of all persons under any form of detention or imprisonment”. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention (1991) also points out that deprivation of liberty is referred to by different names, including, “apprehension, incarceration, prison, reclusion, custody and remand”, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Fact Sheet No 26, Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, p 4. The Commission on Human Rights adopted in its resolution 1997/50 the definition “deprivation of liberty imposed arbitrarily”, E/CN.4/RES/1997/50, 15 April 1997, par 15.
339 - FWS-109 (T 2355); FWS-66 (T 1068); FWS-198 (T 957); FWS-139 (T 319); FWS-73 (T 3194); FWS-210 (T 4833); FWS-250 (T 5021).
340 - The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights’ Working Group on Arbitrary Detention arrived at the same conclusion by stating that the question of when detention is or becomes arbitrary is not definitely answered by the international instruments, Fact Sheet No. 26, p 4.
341 - Article 9.
342 - Article 9 (1).
343 - Article 37 (b).
344 - Article 7 (2).
345 - Article 5(1) (a)-(f). Report of the Preparatory Commission for the International Criminal Court, Addendum, Finalised draft text of the Elements of Crimes, PCNICC/2000/INF/3/Ad.2, p 11. It must be noted, however, that the Statute of the International Criminal Court (“ICC Statute” or “Rome Statute”) has not entered into force, nor have the Draft Elements of Crime been formally adopted. The UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in contrast, identifies three categories under which a deprivation of liberty will be regarded as being imposed arbitrarily. According to the Working Group’s report, the deprivation of liberty is arbitrary when (a) it is clearly impossible to invoke any legal basis justifying the deprivation of liberty (category I), when (b) the deprivation of liberty results from the exercise of the rights or freedoms guaranteed by articles 7, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20 and 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and, insofar as State parties are concerned, by articles 12, 18, 19, 21, 22, 25, 26 and 27 of the ICCPR (category II), when (c) the total or partial non-observance of the international norms relating to the right to a fair trial, established in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the relevant international instruments accepted by the States concerned, is of such gravity as to give the deprivation of liberty an arbitrary character (category III); Commission on Human Rights, Question of the Human rights of all persons subjected to any form of detention or imprisonment, Report of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, E/CN.4/1998/44, 19 December 1997, Annex I, par 8. The Draft Elements of Crimes for the ICC Statute define imprisonment as constituting a crime against humanity where the conduct of the principal offender carrying out the imprisonment “was in violation of fundamental rules of international law”.
346 - In particular, the national law itself must not be arbitrary and the enforcement of this law in a given case must not take place arbitrarily.
347 - The Trial Chamber notes that arbitrariness of imprisonment pursuant to Article 5(e) may further result from an otherwise justified deprivation of physical liberty if the deprivation is being administered under serious disregard of fundamental procedural rights of the person deprived of his or her liberty as provided for under international law. Basic procedural guarantees are, for instance, provided for in Article 9 and 14 of the ICCPR. In addition, Article 43 of Geneva Convention IV, enshrines basic procedural rights of civilians who are detained on the legal basis of Article 42 of the same Convention. Article 43 entitles interned protected persons to have, inter alia, the internment reconsidered as soon as possible by an appropriate court or administrative board, and, in case that the internment is maintained, to have it periodically, considered. With regard to the case before it, however, the Trial Chamber sees no need to elaborate on this aspect, since the Prosecution and the Defence case focused on the allegation of the initial unlawfulness of the imprisonment of the non-Serbs.
348 - See pars 34-41, supra.
349 - When asked during the Pre-Defence Conference, “You mean it is your case [...] that those people who were detained in the KP Dom were prisoners of war and not merely civilians?” counsel for the Accused replied “Yes, Your Honour.” (T 5142).
350 - FWS-198 had a firearm, a pistol, in his apartment. He denied, though, that he ever possessed any explosive device (T 992); FWS-109 owned a rifle (T 2376); FWS-182 had a Beretta pistol that had belonged to his wife’s father (T 1581); Dr Amir Berberkic was provided with a pistol by his neighbour (T 3724).
351 - FWS-198 kept a pistol as a souvenir. It was an heirloom from his grandfather (T 992). He was arrested in his apartment when he went back to retrieve some clothes for his children (T 943); FWS-109 was arrested in Igalo when all Bosniaks present were asked to show their ID (T 2352); FWS-182 took the Beretta to his sister’s home at Zubovici, where he hid with women and children before he was arrested, because he felt safer with it. The weapon was in the house when he was arrested (T 1688); Dr Berberkic had the pistol as a weapon to protect himself or to kill himself. It was not, he said, a weapon with which one can kill others in times of war. It was the first time he had ever held a pistol, and he handed it over to his brother-in-law when he was wounded (T 3980, 3988).
352 - Persons who had been soldiers in the army of Bosnia-Herzegovina were brought into the KP Dom wounded, but they were kept separated from the other detainees: Dzevad S Lojo (T 2539); FWS-139 (T 372-373); FWS-159 was caught by the Bosnian Serb army as a member of the Bosnian Muslim army near a place called Kacelj on 28 January 1993, and he was kept in an isolation cell at the KP Dom for three months (T 2441, 2442, 2457).
353 - See par 438, infra. One witness described the systematic and collective nature of the detention of the Muslim male population in his own words by testifying that “everybody was brought there, even if all they had with Islam was their name.” This was well borne out by the evidence.
354 - There were only a handful of Croats, Albanians and Roma: Safet Avdic (T 681); FWS-66 (T 1076); FWS-111 (T 1217-1218); FWS-139 (T 327-329); FWS-198 (T 952); FWS-182 (T 1594); Rasim Taranin (T 3015, 3018); FWS-08 (T 1763, 1768); FWS-71 (T 2792); FWS-138 (T 2050); FWS-104 (T 2193); Dzevad S. Lojo (T 2537, 2539); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3735); Muhamed Lisica (4851).
355 - The uncle of the son-in-law of FWS-75 was 75 years old (T 731). Regarding the age range of detainees, see: FWS-66 (T 1076); FWS-111 (T 1218); FWS-139 (T 437); FWS-182 (T 1593); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2537); FWS-49, who was already 72 years old in 1992, was kept in a room where “everyone was old, worn out and weak” (T 4692). A little girl, about seven years old was in the room where FWS-182 was kept (T 1595).
356 - FWS-111 (T 1218); FWS-139 (T 329); Dzevad Lojo (T 581); FWS-69 suffered from angina pectoris (T 4062). FWS-182, who himself was suffering from an ulcer on the duodendum and who was depending on a certain diet, saw persons with tuberculosis, asthma and heart problems (T 1595). Two men suffered from tuberculosis. A man called Glusac: FWS-109 (T 2366) and a man called Hamdzija Mandzo: FWS-71 (2797). There were a lot of sick people in room 16. FWS-182 had problems with his stomach. FWS-172 and FWS-104 were quite sick persons, Muradif Konjo had high blood pressure and Abid Sahovic had liver bleeding problems: Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3736). Ramiz Dzamo was brought in from the hospital with serious facial injuries which prevented him from eating: Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3737). Two old men of at least 75 years, Ejub Durmisevic and Adil, were brought to the isolation cell occupied by Ramiz Dzamo. Ejub’s ear was severely cut: FWS-159 (T 2470). An old blind man and another man who had been released from the military as a disabled person shared a cell with FWS-49 (T 4692). Ahmet Hadzimusic was a disabled person who had to use crutches ever since he contracted polio in 1947 and never underwent compulsory military training (T 1928). In Room 16 there was a man with a serious heart condition, Hasan Hadzimuratovic, who was 80 years old, and there were also some young men who had bullet wounds and wounds from an accident and who had been brought in from the hospital: Dzevad Lojo (T 2549, 2539). A mental patient injured himself severely twice: Dzevad Lojo (T 1218-1219). A mental patient named Mujo Murguz was very tense and aggressive, and another person had psychological problems which caused him to eat a cake of soap: FWS-71 (T 2794).
357 - Several detainees gave evidence that they had not been shown any arrest warrant before being taken away: FWS-139 (T 318); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2533). Zoran Vukovic told RJ that he was sorry to have to take him to the police station without a warrant: RJ (T 3842). Some witnesses managed, however, to cast a glance at “name lists” with which the arresting persons were equipped, and on which they could identify their own names: Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, T 676); Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1936, 1939); FWS-139 (T 318-319).
358 - FWS-66 (T 1068); FWS-111 (T 1199); FWS-198 (T 943); FWS-215 (T 858-859); FWS-54 (T 731); FWS-86 (T 1454); FWS-142 (T 1819); FWS-138 (T 2043); Dzevad S. Lojo (T 2533); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3341); FWS-69 (T 4051); FWS-172 (T 4554); FWS-137 (T 4733).
359 - FWS-109 (T 2355).
360 - FWS-66 (T 1068); FWS-198 (T 957); FWS-139 (T 319); FWS-73 (T 3194); FWS-210 (T 4833); FWS-250 (T 5021).
361 - FWS-86 (T 1460); Muhamed Lisica (T 4833).
362 - FWS-109 (T 2355); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2535); FWS-104 (T 2161); FWS-139 (T 320); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3733).
363 - FWS-111 (T 1260); FWS-215 (T 862); FWS-54 (T 751); Dzevad Lojo (T 634); FWS-139 (T 346); Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1940); FWS-144 (T 2308); FWS-109 (T 2372); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3768); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3468).
364 - FWS-137 was interrogated only 55 days after his arrest, after he had asked Risto Ivanovic to be interviewed, hoping to be released thereafter (T 4735). Rasim Taranin attempted to be interviewed for a long time before he finally succeeded. He also thought that he would then be released but was not. He was taken out of the KP Dom and detained at Rudo for approximately 9 months and then transferred to Kula Prison Camp. He was released from Kula after a couple of months, on 6 or 7 October 1994 (T 1721-1742). FWS-138 spent 10 months at the KP Dom before he was interrogated (T 2045).
365 - FWS-08 (T 1769); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2533).
366 - FWS-111 (T 1261); FWS-198 (T 990); FWS-215 (T 865); FWS-54 (T 752); Dzevad Lojo (T 635); FWS-139 (T 350); FWS-86 (T 1464); Rasim Taranin (T 1721-22); FWS-138 (T 2045); FWS-104 (T 2191); FWS-144 (T 2309); FWS-109 (T 2375); FWS-120 (T 3148); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3769); FWS-73 (T 3250); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3468); Muhamed Lisica (T 4935); FWS-250 (T 5021); Juso Taranin (T 3019).
367 - See par 143, infra; FWS-111 (T 1264); FWS-198 (T 990); FWS-54 (T 752); FWS-104 (T 2193); FWS-109 (T 2376); FWS-109 (T 2375); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3771); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3472); FWS-69 (T 4072, 4074); FWS-137 (T 4738); FWS-66 (T 1116).
368 - FWS-69 (T 4073); FWS-210 (T 4935); FWS-73 (T 3250); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3771); Rasim Taranin (T 1722).
369 - This applies equally for Muslim detainees who were taken for interrogations several times, as, for instance, FWS-198 (T 988); Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1951, 2003); FWS-104 (T 2190); FWS-159 (T 2459); FWS-120 (T 3148); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3768, 3749); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3468).
370 - FWS-250 (T 5022); FWS-159 (T 2459); FWS-104 (T 2193); FWS-86 (T 1464); Dzevad Lojo (T 635); FWS-215 (T 865); FWS-111 (T 1199); FWS-119 (T 1939, 1994); FWS-73 (T 3194); FWS-137 (T 4733).
371 - FWS-104 (T 2194); FWS-66 (T 1068); FWS-198 (T 957); FWS-54 (T 731); FWS-139 (T 318); FWS-142 (T 1832); FWS-03 (T 2265); FWS-144 (T 2326); FWS-71 (T 2780); FWS-89 (T 4707); Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, p 679).
372 - The Trial Chamber notes that, after the initial arrest of the non-Serb detainees, there was no lawful mechanism in place by which the lawfulness of their detention could be reviewed. “Interrogations” were carried out in an atmosphere of terror and fear of mistreatment, and they did not constitute a process of review. However, as the initial detention was itself unlawful, the Trial Chamber does not need to consider the fact that no lawful process of review took place at the KP Dom. See pars 34-42, supra; pars 237-306, infra.
373 - The Accused gave evidence that at some point he asked why the men were detained at the KP Dom and received the answer “They are Muslims”. He disputed, however, that this answer was to be interpreted to mean that the men were brought in because they were Muslims. He claimed that he was only told that the detained persons were Muslims (T 7844). The Trial Chamber finds this explanation not credible. Further, the Accused clearly admitted that he knew that none of the procedures in place for legally detaining persons were ever followed at the KP Dom, by stressing that this very fact was the reason why he asked not to continue at the KP Dom (T 7845, 7846).
374 - See Warden par 100, supra; The Accused (T 7845-7846, 7887-7889, 7895, 7936, 7945); Ex P 46A, dated 6 June 1992, p 33; Ex P 48A, dated 13 July 1992, p 30-31; FWS-66 (T 1044, 1113-1114); FWS-111 (T 1269-1271); R.J (T 3828, 3829, 3835, 3847, 3851); Ex D 66-1-A, dated 30 July 1992; Ex D 66-2-A, dated 30 July 1992; Slobodan Jovancevic (T 5619, 5605); Miladin Matovic (T 6501, 6506).
375 - Delalic Appeal Judgment, par 342.
376 - See par 106, supra.
377 - See pars 104-106, supra; Delalic Appeal Judgment, par 331-369.
378 - Tadic Appeal Judgment, par 188; Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 390; In the Krstic Trial Judgment, it was held that “committing” covers personally perpetrating a crime (ie, the principal offender) or engendering a culpable omission in violation of criminal law, par 601.
379 - See par 173, infra.
380 - See pars 60-64, supra.
381 - In the Tadic Trial Judgment, it was acknowledged that cruel treatment is treatment that is inhumane, par 723. In the Delalic Trial Judgment, it was held that cruel treatment carries an equivalent meaning for the purposes of Article 3 of the Statute, as inhuman treatment does in relation to grave breaches, par 552. The Kordic and Cerkez Trial Judgment followed this finding, par 265. The Delalic Trial Judgment further integrated the concept of inhumane acts pursuant to Article 5 into the context of the definition of inhuman treatment by stating that the elaborate analysis and discussion conducted in the judgment “with regard to inhuman treatment is also consistent with the concept of “inhumane acts”, in the context of crimes against humanity”, pars 533-534. Recently, the Appeals Chamber analysed in the context of multiple convictions whether inhuman treatment under Article 2 and cruel treatment under Article 3 contained additional elements vis-à-vis each other. The Appeals Chamber, in both the majority decision and the separate and dissenting opinion, came to the conclusion that the “sole distinguishing element stems from the protected person requirement under Article 2”, and, respectively, that “the requirement that each offence have a unique element is therefore not satisfied”, par 426 of the Delalic Appeals Judgment and par 51 of the Separate and Dissenting Opinion of Judge David Hunt and Judge Mohamed Bennouna. The offence of inhumane acts under Article 5 was not subject to the discussion of the Appeals Chamber.
382 - The Appeals Chamber in Delalic confirmed the definition of cruel treatment as constituting “an intentional act or omission… which causes serious mental or physical suffering or injury or constitutes a serious attack on human dignity”, par 424. By comparison, inhumane acts were defined to comprise “acts or omissions that deliberately cause serious mental or physical suffering or injury or constitute a serious attack on human dignity” and which must be of “similar gravity and seriousness to the other enumerated crimes”; Kayishema and Ruzindana Trial Judgment, pars 151,154. The Trial Chamber in Jelisic appears to have confused the terms “cruel treatment”, “inhumane acts” and “inhuman treatment” several times in its analysis (par 41 and finding in pars 45, 52 and the reference to “inhumane treatment” as to be that set out in Article 5) but explicitly put forward that the notions of cruel treatment within the meaning of Article 3 and of “inhumane treatment set out in Article 5” (thereby obviously referring to “inhumane acts” under Article 5) “have the same legal meaning”: Jelisic Trial Judgment, par 52.
383 - Delalic Trial Judgment, par 536; Jelisic Trial Judgment, par 57 (referring to outrages upon personal dignity).
384 - This was recently held by the Trial Chamber with regard to the offence of outrages upon personal dignity in Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 501.
385 - Kayishema and Ruzindana Trial Judgment, par 153; Aleksovski Trial Judgment, par 56.
386 - FWS-08 (T 1762); FWS-66 (T 1088); FWS-54 (T 751); FWS-65 (T 546); FWS-139 (T 345).
387 - FWS-159 (T 2457, 2460, 2463, 2467); Ekrem Tulek FWS-182 T 1611).
388 - Ibid.
389 - FWS-66 (T 1090); FWS-215 (T 873); FWS-54 (T 751); FWS-65 (T 473); FWS-139 (345).
390 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3543); FWS-215 (T 875).
391 - FWS-65 (T 467); FWS-159 (T 2463).
392 - FWS-65 (T 460, 535); FWS-172 (T 4605).
393 - FWS-65 (T 535); FWS-250 (T 5068); FWS-172 (T 690).
394 - FWS-172 (T 4605); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3442).
395 - Dzevad S Lojo (T 2553); FWS-182 (T 1611); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3543-3544); FWS–215 (T 875); FWS- 182 (T 1612-1613); FWS-65 (T 460). FWS-172 (T 690); Lazaro Stojanovic (T 5726 T 5750 T 5757);  Zoran Vukovic (T 5769, T 5800, 5794); Risto Ivanovic (T 6166); Milan Pavlovic T 6891); Zoran Mijovic (T 6235). This was disputed by guards Risto Ivanovic (T 6106); Miladin Matovic (T 6446, 6450) and the KP Dom Clerk Divljan Lazar (T 6047) who claimed that the detainees could talk freely with the guards. Risto Ivanovic conceded however that the non-Serb detainees were afraid of the guards (T 6194).
396 - FWS-138 (T 2021); FWS-12 (T 241); Miladin Matovic (T 6460); FWS-162 (T 1359); FWS-198 (T 952, 954);  FWS-139 (T 327); FWS-182 (T 1590); FWS-86 (T 1461); FWS-104 (T 2162); FWS-73 (T 3212).
397 - FWS-198 (T 950); FWS-119 (T 1941-1942); FWS-159 (T 1078); FWS-12 (T 243).
398 - FWS-104 T 2162); FWS-54 (T 741); FWS-73 (T 3212).
399 - Safet Avdic (Ex P 121, p 685).
400 - FWS-85 (T 664); Safet Avdic (T 456); Ex P 123, p 685; FWS-159 (T 2450).
401 - FWS-250 (T 5117-5118); FWS-182 (T 1615); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2562).
402 - FWS-139 (T 341); FWS-182 (T 1615); FWS-73 (T 3422). A couple of detainees who worked had access to hot water. FWS-250 could heat water and wash because he worked where there were heating facilities: (T 5117). FWS-89 also had access to hot water because he worked in the kitchen (T 4661).
403 - FWS-172 (T 4607); FWS-69 (T 4066); FWS-139 (T 341); FWS-182 (T 1615).
404 - FWS-73 (T 3424); FWS-159 (T 2466); FWS-250 (T 5118); (Ex P 123, p 686); FWS-73 (T 3424). There were some items of clothing which had been left behind by former regular convicts.
405 - FWS-111 (T 1227); FWS-182 (T 1615); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2564); FWS-73 (T 3422).
406 - FWS-111 (T 1226); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2562); FWS-139 (T 339). It was so cold in one of the isolation cells that the tap water was frozen for about seven days: FWS-159 T 2465).
407 - FWS-198 (T 943); FWS-86 (T 1454).
408 - Milan Pavlovic (T 6837). The central heating system in the KP Dom broke down in 1992. Muhamed Lisica was ordered to make furnaces for the offices in the administration building (T 4906). FWS-89 worked on the heating in May 1992. He conceded that the breakdown in the heating system and the existing shortage of electricity and resources may have been the reason for the absence of heating in the KP Dom (T 4724-4725). Because the central boiler was out of order meals were prepared outside in wood fuelled caldrons (Safet Avdic T 547). There were frequent power failures in Foca throughout the war and for periods there was no electricity for the prisoners’ quarters: FWS-03 (T 2272). There was no power at the KP Dom until September 1992: FWS-71 (T 2968). On many occasions there was no power supply in Foca and surrounding villages: FWS-109 (T 2426); FWS-35 (T 2750); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3547). See also Ex D 85A, pp 2-3. The Trial Chamber rejects the evidence of defence witness Miladin Matovic that there was not a single room at the KP Dom that was not heated during the winter for a single second (T 6488).
409 - FWS-66 (T 1146); FWS-111 (T 1226); Dzevad S Lojo (T 663); FWS-139 (T 339); FWS-71 (T 2948); Muhamed Lisica (T 4906).
410 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4906); FWS-89 (T 4724); Rasim Taranin (T 1719-1720).
411 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4906); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3691); (Safet Avdic T 686).
412 - Dzevad Lojo (T 663); FWS-71 (T 2948); FWS-73 (T 3357, 3421); FWS-249 (T 4532); FWS-89 (T 4725); Muhamed Lisica made some furnaces for the detainees’ rooms in October 1993 (T 4906).
413 - Divljan Lazar (T 5980).
414 - FWS-66 (T 1084); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3621). Some of the detainees were given additional blankets during the winter: Dzevad Lojo (T 663); FWS-139 (T 339); FWS-89 (T 4725).
415 - FWS-66 (T 1084); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3621).
416 - FWS-159 (T 2465).
417 - Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3746); FWS-66 (T 1084); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2563)
418 - Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3746 T 3764); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2562); FWS-66 (T 1084); FWS-71 (T 2807).
419 - Slobodan Solaja (T 5498, 5500); Witness A (T 5522); Milomir Mihajlovic (T 5629); Radomir Dolas (T 5820); Miloslav Krsmanovic (T 6623); Witness B (T 6713); Zarko Vukovic (T 6759); Svetozar Bogdanovic (T 7084); Arsenije Krnojelac (T 7122-7124); Bozo Drakul (T 7191); Vitomir Drakul (T 5669); Dr Drago Vladicic (T 6307); Dr Milovan Dobrilovic (T 6366).
420 - Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3755, 3756); FWS-49 (T 4698); Dzevad Lojo (T 666); FWS-139 (T 343); FWS-86 (T 1507); FWS-49 (T 4698).
421 - FWS-66 (T 1084); FWS-111 (T 1312); FWS-162 (T 1361); FWS-198 (T 956); FWS-215 (T 874); FWS-54 (T 750); Dzevad Lojo (T 664); Safet Avdic (T 536); FWS-139 (T 343); FWS-86 (T 1506); FWS-182 (T 1618); Rasim Taranin (T 1729); FWS-08 (T 1772); FWS-71 (T 2805); FWS-109 (T 2371); FWS-159 (T 2464); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3755); Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, p 686);  FWS-78 (T 2113); FWS-96 (Ex P 186, p 2539).
422 - Rasim Taranin (T 1712-1715).
423 - FWS-162 (T 1361); FWS-198 (T 955); FWS-111 (T 1380); Dzevad Lojo (T 665); FWS-139 (T 341); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 4007); FWS-71 (T 2947); Juso Taranin (T 3027).
424 - FWS-172 (T 4607); FWS-250 (T 5116); FWS-89 (T 4725, 4674). At a later stage of their detention, and only for a period of 15 days, the detainees were given eggs, beans, rice, potatoes or pasta for breakfast: Rasim Taranin (T 1750).
425 - Lazar Stojanovic (T 5717, 5749); Vitomir Drakul (T 5673); Zoran Vukovic (T 5771, 5784-5785).
426 - FWS-08 (T 1804); FWS-138 (T 2063); FWS-71 (T 2952-2953); Rasim Taranin (T 1715); FWS-66 (T 1083); FWS-111 (T 1228-1229); FWS-162 (T 1360).
427 - Krsto Krnojelac (T 5903, 5914, 5916-5917, 5927, 5930); Risto Ivanovic (T 6092, 6094, 6193); Divljan Lazar (T 6043-6044); Miladin Matovic (T 6451-6452); Bozo Drakul (T 7189); The Accused (T 7665); Zoran Vukovic (T 5784-5785); Lazar Stojanovic (T 5717);
428 - Lazar Stojanovic (T 5718); Risto Ivanovic (T 6097); Miladin Matovic (T 6457); The Accused (T 7666); FWS-86 (T 1551); Gojko Jokanovic (T 1146); FWS-71 (T 2950); FWS-109 (T 2422); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2511); (Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3738).
429 - Dr Drago Vladicic (T 6311); Dr Milovan Dobrilovic (T 6369-T 6299, 6297); Miladin Matovic (T 6457-6458); Lazar Stojanovic (T 5718); Risto Ivanovic (T 6097); Miladin Matovic (T 6457-6458); Dr Vladicic (T 6339-6340); Dr Milovan Dobrilovic (T 6343); The Accused (T 7666); FWS-182 (T 1840). Cedo Dragovic would give medicines to those with heart conditions: FWS-03 (T 2273); FWS-71 (T 2949); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2550). Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3741); FWS-69 (T 4063); FWS-172 (T 4595).
430 - FWS-71 T 2949); FWS-69 (T 4063); FWS-172 (T 4595). In other cases, however, detainees did receive sophisticated treatment, as, for instance, infusions or antibiotic injections: FWS-86 (T 1551); FWS-66 (T 1146); FWS-182 (T 1688); FWS-03 (T 2273); FWS-71 (T 2949-2950). Dr Drago Vladicic and Dr Milovan Dobrilovic both claimed that the infirmary was sufficiently equipped and that they could procure lacking medicine from Foca hospital. (T 6304-6306, 6344).
431 - See the case of Enes Hadzic par 145, infra.
432 - FWS-86 (T 1532-1533); FWS-182 (T 1586); FWS-159 (T 2442, 2448); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2539, 2350); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3737). Dr Drago Vladicic never treated any injuries caused by maltreatment and never came across combat injuries such as wounds from firearms at the KP Dom (T 6324). Likewise, Dr Milovan Dobrilovic testified that he never noticed any traces of mistreatment on any Muslim patient (T 6345).
433 - As to the numerous victims of beatings and torture and the injuries observed by detainees, See pars 190-306 infra; FWS-109 (T 2167-2168); FWS-03 (T 2248); FWS-73 (T 3261); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2572); FWS-198 (T 1010); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3782).
434 - FWS-159 (T 2470, 2507); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3588, 3595). The visiting doctors claimed that all detainees who were in need could receive medical help. However they never visited any detainee in his room and never went to the isolation cells: Dr Milovan Dobrilovic (T 6353); Dr Drago Vladicic (T 6328). Only those detainees who were brought to the infirmary received treatment: Dr Milovan Dobrilovic (T 653-654); Dr Drago Vladicic (T 6316, 6328).
435 - FWS-182 (T 1611); Safet Avdic (T 460); Dzevad Lojo (T 660, 703).
436 - FWS-138 (T 2067).
437 - FWS-250 (T 5031-5032); FWS-172 (T 4571); FWS-249 (T 4412); FWS-115 (T 746-747).
438 - FWS-71 (T 2807); FWS-111(T 1224-1225); FWS-215 (T 875-877)
439 - Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, p 690).
440 - FWS-182 (T 1613-1614).
441 - FWS-182 (T 1613); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3447-3448); FWS-215 (T 877- 878); FWS-250 (T 5023).
442 - Safet Avdic (T 537).
443 - FWS-66 (T 1111); FWS-111 (T 1259); FWS-162 (T 1392); FWS-215 (T 901); FWS-54 (T 773); Safet Avdic (T 489); FWS-139 (T 367); FWS-86 (T 1530); Rasim Taranin (T 1724); FWS-138 (T 2090); FWS-104 (T 2182); FWS-03 (T 2261); FWS-144 (T 2301); FWS-71 (T 2889); FWS-109 (T 2377); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2587); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3931); Safet Avdic (T 494); FWS-86 (T 1520); FWS-144 (T 2301); FWS-71 (T 2889); FWS-198 (T 1013); FWS-215 (T 902).
444 - FWS-111 (T 1259); FWS-162 (T 1392); FWS-54 (T 773); FWS-109 (T 2377).
445 - Rasim Taranin (T 1724); FWS-104 (T 2182); Safet Avdic (T 537).
446 - FWS-66 (T 1111); FWS-198 (T 1023); FWS-215 (T 902); Rasim Taranin (T 1724); FWS-03 (T 2261); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2587-2588).
447 - Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3931- 3932); FWS-159 (T 2508); FWS-215 (T 902); FWS-65 (T 537).
448 - FWS-71 (T 865); Safet Avdic (T 537). Muharem Causevic was taken out and beating during the time his daughter was detained with him: FWS-215 (T 895); FWS-62 (T 1092).
449 - FWS-111 (T 1230); FWS-162 (T 1395); Dzevad Lojo (T 646, 668); FWS-182 (T  1619); FWS-08 (T 1782-1783).
450 - FWS-71 (T 2790); FWS-109 (T 2366); FWS-08 (T 1782); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3758); Dr Drago Vladicic (T 6325, 6331); Risto Ivanovic (T 6199); Dr Milovan Dobrilovic treated Enes Hadzic at the infirmary but was never called to the detainees rooms (T 6346, 6353).
451 - FWS-08 (T 1782-1783); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3758); FWS-109 (T 2366-2367, 2374); FWS-71 (T 2791-2792).
452 - FWS-111 (T 1222); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3730-3731).
453 - Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3755).
454 - T 4020.
455 - T 3972.
456 - FWS-111 (T 1218).
457 - FWS-111 (T 1219).
458 - Ibid.
459 - FWS-111 (T 1219).
460 - T 1220.
461 - T 1084.
462 - T 1146.
463 - T 1086.
464 - T 1137.
465 - T 2371.
466 - T 2372.
467 - T 2805.
468 - T 2805-2807.
469 - T 2949-2950.
470 - T 2806.
471 - T 2919.
472 - T 2919.
473 - T 2931-2932.
474 - FWS-159 (T 2469).
475 - T 2470.
476 - T 4431.
477 - T 4432-4433.
478 - T 343.
479 - T 340.
480 - T 439.
481 - T 1361.
482 - Ibid.
483 - T 1595-1596.
484 - T 1686, 1688.
485 - T 1618.
486 - FWS-111 (T  1220-1221).
487 - T 3876.
488 - T 1312.
489 - T 1226.
490 - T 1287.
491 - T 1287.
492 - T 1288.
493 - The Prosecution claimed that his name was misspelled under Schedule D 17 and that he is the same person referred to under Schedule B 35 (T 3763).
494 - FWS-66 (T 1088); FWS-111 (T 1230); FWS-162 (T 1395); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3760).
495 - Dr Torlak, who was an experienced surgeon, examined Kunovac and said that it appeared to be an injury to the internal organs of the abdomen: Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3760-3763); FWS-111 (T 1231).
496 - Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3760); FWS-111 (T 1231); FWS-162 (T 1393); Risto Ivanovic accompanied Gojko Jokanovic and Dr Karovic to the KP Dom pharmacy to get medicine for Kunovac (T 6168).
497 - FWS-111 (T 1231).
498 - FWS-111 (T 1231); Dr Amir Berberkic (T  3760); FWS-162 (T 1393); Risto Ivanovic (T  6169).
499 - T 2327.
500 - Ibid. T 2377.
501 - T 664.
502 - T 665.
503 - T 663.
504 - T 2197.
505 - FWS-104 (T 2194-2195, 2197).
506 - T 2198.
507 - Ibid.
508 - T 2120.
509 - T 874.
510 - T 876-877.
511 - T 920.
512 - T 1506.
513 - T 1495, 1505.
514 - T 1499.
515 - T 1502.
516 - T 1502-1504.
517 - T 1499.
518 - T 1504.
519 - Ibid.
520 - T 1499.
521 - T 1729.
522 - Rasim Taranin (T 1742-1743).
523 - This has been conceded by the Prosecution, see Prosecution Final Trial Brief, Schedule D, pp 2, 3, 4 and 9.
524 - Safet Avdic (T 534-538, 461, 469); FWS-142 (T 1832-1833); Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1985, 1941); FWS-138 (2120); FWS-144 (T 2326-2327); FWS-162 (T 1411); FWS-54 (T 750, 786); FWS-86 (T 1540, 1542); FWS-08 (T 1772, 1799); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2627-2628); FWS-58 (T 2706-2707); Ekrem Zekovic (T 2706-2707); FWS-98 (T 951-952, 956, 1025); FWS-250 (T 5069); FWS-69 (T 4068); FWS-172 (T 4599); FWS-73 (T 3297-3298, 3312); FWS-159 (T 2442-2443, 2448-2449, 2463-2466, 2467, 2469-2470, 2478- 2479, 2484, 2493, 2495, 2506); FWS-159 (2493, 2497, 2499, 2508).
525 - Muhamed Lisica once approached the Accused and told him that it was hard to work and that he was going to faint. He told the Accused that the food was not sufficient and that he was hungry (T 4889, 4895); FWS-182 approached the Accused twice for medical help and expressed his fear of dying (T 1599, 1604). Safet Avdic asked the warden for soap and toiletries (T 479); RJ, a close friend of the Accused from before the war, was asked by the Accused at least twice during his detention to inform him about the treatment of the detainees. RJ told the Accused about the problems of the detainees, not only about the insufficient food, but also about the hygienic problems and the need to improve the medical care. RJ stressed that he was “honest” with the Accused and that he told him about the “bad things” that were happening to the detainees (T 3867, 3859-3860). He specifically told the Accused about the mistreatment of a disabled detainee in the yard and his subsequent internment in solitary confinement (T 3865).
526 - Safet Avdic (T 479, 482); FWS-182 (T 1599, 1602, 1604); RJ (T 3859, 3865); Muhamed Lisica (T 4889, 4895).
527 - T 8091-8092.
528 - See pars 88-90, supra.
529 - Delalic Appeal Judgment pars 400-413.
530 - See pars 51-59, supra.
531 - See pars 60-64, supra.
532 - See pars 53-59, 60-64, supra.
533 - See pars 130-132, supra.
534 - See pars 51-64, supra.
535 - This is necessarily implicit in the following cases: Delalic Trial Judgment, pars 468-469; Furundzija Trial Judgment, pars 139, 153-154; Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 497; Kvocka Trial Judgment, par 158.
536 - Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 497.
537 - See, for example, Article 1(2) of the Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Being Subjected to Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 9 December 1975, “?tgorture constitutes an aggravated and deliberate form of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.”
538 - Delalic Trial Judgment, pars 468-469. The European Court of Human Rights held that “torture” involves “suffering of a particular intensity or cruelty” which accounts for the “special stigma” attached to this offence (Ireland v United Kingdom, 18 Jan 1978, Series A No 25, par 167).
539 - Delalic Trial Judgment, par 468.
540 - See Kunarac Trial Judgment, pars 470-471.
541 - Kunarac Trial Judgment, pars 470-496.
542 - Furundzija Trial Judgment, par 139; Delalic Trial Judgment, par 454 and sources quoted therein. See also Articles 32 and 147 of Geneva Convention IV, Articles 12 and 50 of Geneva Convention I, Article 12 and 51 of Geneva Convention II, Article 13, 14, 17 and 130 of Geneva Convention III, Common Article 3 to the four Geneva Conventions, Article 4 of Additional Protocol II and Article 75 of Additional Protocol I. See also, Principle 6 of the Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form Detention or Imprisonment, 9 December 1988, provides that “[n]o person under any form of detention or imprisonment shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. No circumstance whatever may be invoked as a justification for torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.” Those principles apply for the protection of all persons under any forms of detention or imprisonment.
543 - See Kvocka Trial Judgment, pars 143, 149, 151 and sources quoted therein. See also, Keenan v UK, Judgment, 3 April 2001, Application No 27229/95, par 112; Selmouni v France, Judgment, Application No 25803/94, 28 July 1999, par 104; Ireland v United Kingdom, Judgment, 18 Jan 1978, Series A No. 25, pars 167 and 174; Greek case, Report of 5 Nov 1969, (1969) 12 Yearbook, Vol II, pars 12, 18 of the Opinion of the Commission; Aydin v Turkey, Judgment, 25 Sept 1997, Application No. 23178/94, 25 Sept 1997, par 84. On the effect of time on the court’s assessment of the severity of the abuse, see for example Soering v United Kingdom, Judgment, 7 July 1989, Series A No. 161, pars 106, 111. See for example the allegations contained under pars 5.7, 5.11, 5.24, 5.26 and 5.29 of the Indictment, as well as the incidents 1, 2, 4 and 13 listed under Schedule A and 38, 40, 49 and 56 under Schedule B.
544 - See General Comment 20/44 of 3 April 1992 [Prohibition of Torture], point 6, where the Committee for Human Rights notes that “prolonged solitary confinement of the detained or imprisoned person may amount to acts prohibited by Article 7 [of the ICCPR – Prohibition of Torture].” See also, before the European Commission of Human Rights, Bonzi (Switzerland), 7854/77, 12 D.R. 85 and Kröcher and Möller (Switzerland), 84463/78, 26 D.R. 24.
545 - See, for example, Article 55 of Geneva Convention IV and Article 26 of Geneva Convention III. See also Article 20 of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, 30 August 1955; Setelich v Uruguay, (28/1978) Report of the Human Rights Committee, GAOR, 14th Session, par 16.2; the 1986 Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture which lists “prolonged denial of food” as one specific form of torture (E/CN.4/1986/15); and the Greek case, where the European Commission of Human Rights considered Greece’s breaches of Article 3 of the ECHR in light of its failure to provide food, water, heating in winter, proper washing facilities, clothing, medical and dental care to prisoners (Report of 5 Nov 1969, (1969) 12 Yearbook, Vol II).
546 - Furundzija Trial Judgment, par 162; Akayesu Trial Judgment, par 594; Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 497.
547 - Delalic Trial Judgment, par 470; Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 486.
548 - See Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 485; Delalic Trial Judgment, pars 470-472; Akayesu Trial Judgment, par 594.
549 - Furundzija Trial Judgment, par 162; Kvocka Trial Judgment, pars 141, 152, 157.
550 - Article 50 of Geneva Convention I, Articles 51 of Geneva Convention II, Article 130 of Geneva Convention III and Article 147 of Geneva Convention IV prohibit, inter alia, “torture” as a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions. The Commentary states that the word “torture” must be given a “legal meaning”, ie that “torture” consists of “the infliction of suffering on a person to obtain from that person, or from another person, confessions or information” (emphasis added); in Pictet (ed), Commentary on IV Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (1958), p 598. See also Article 1 of the Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Being Subjected to Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, adopted by UN General Assembly resolution 3452 of 9 Dec 1975; Article 1 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by UN General Assembly resolution 39/46 of 10 Dec 1984, entered into force on 26 June 1987; Article 2 of the Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture of 9 December 1985, signed on 9 Dec 1985 and entered into force on 28 Feb 1987 (OAS Treaty Series No 67, OEA/Ser.A/42 (SEPF)); the Inter-American Convention prohibits the infliction of “physical or mental pain or suffering (…) on a person for purposes of criminal investigation, as a means of intimidation, as personal punishment, as a preventive measure, as a penalty, or for any other purpose” (emphasis added); See also jurisprudence of the European Courts of Human Rights on Article 3 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, for example, Greek case, 1969, YB Eur Conv on H R 12, p 186.
551 - See Furundzija Trial Judgment, par 162.
552 - Kunarac Trial Judgment, pars 488-496.
553 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, par 80.
554 - FWS-71 (T 2780-2781, 2774).
555 - Ibid.
556 - FWS-71 (T 2784).
557 - FWS-71 (T 2785).
558 - FWS-71 (T 2784).
559 - FWS-71 (T 2785-2786).
560 - FWS-71 (T 2788).
561 - FWS-71 (T 2786, 2788).
562 - See par 4.9 of the Indictment.
563 - See FWS-73 (T 3286-3288, 3289); FWS-139 (T 368); FWS-111 (T 1264); FWS-54 (T 774); FWS-182 (T 1621).
564 - FWS-54 testified that beatings in passing in the compound were a daily occurrence during the first days after the camp was set up in late May or early June before the regular guards took over from the soldiers (T 743-744). See, however, FWS-215 (T 913-916).
565 - See T 2893; Prosecution Final Trial Brief, par 82 and fn 285.
566 - FWS-71 (T 2891, 2892-2893).
567 - FWS-71 (T 2891-2892).
568 - T 5957-5958.
569 - Defence witness Krsto Krnojelac who worked in the canteen and who testified that he never witnessed such an incident and claimed that he would have if this had indeed taken place (T 5954-5955). The Trial Chamber does not accept that, due to his work in the canteen, he would have been able to see at all times every such incident which would have taken place in or nearby the canteen. The Trial Chamber does not accept the evidence of this witness on that point; nor does his evidence cause the Trial Chamber to have a reasonable doubt that the Prosecution witnesses were telling the truth.
570 - FWS-69 (T 4088-4092, 4061). FWS-69 stated that the incident took place between 1 ½ - 2 months prior to July-August 1992, that is, while the Accused was still the warden: FWS-69 (T 4092). FWS-69 left the KP Dom on 8 December 1992 (T 4144). See, however, Krsto Krnojelac (T 5954-5955) and remark in the previous footnote.
571 - Ibid.
572 - FWS-71 (T 2889).
573 - FWS-69 (T 4093); FWS-71 (T 2889).
574 - FWS-69 (T 4094); FWS-71 (T 2990).
575 - FWS-69 (T 4094).
576 - FWS-137 (T 4742-4744).
577 - FWS-137 (T 4745).
578 - Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3763); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2565).
579 - Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3763-3764).
580 - Dzevad S Lojo (T 2565).
581 - Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3765); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2556).
582 - The Trial Chamber is satisfied that this incident is different to that pleaded under B4. The allegation made under B4 relates to beatings inflicted upon Dzemo Balic while he was detained in the isolation cell, See par 262, infra. Dzemo Balic
583 - FWS-69 (T 4081).
584 - Ibid.
585 - FWS-69 (T 4083).
586 - FWS-69 (T 4082).
587 - FWS-69 (T 4082-4083).
588 - FWS-69 (T 4084).
589 - FWS-71 (T 2807).
590 - FWS-71 (T 2808-2809).
591 - See par 5.14 of the Indictment.
592 - FWS-66 (T 1091).
593 - FWS-66 (T 1091-1092).
594 - FWS-111 testified that he was hit with a baton and fists and that he was slapped (T 1209-1211). There is no indication, however, as to the duration, the effect or the severity of the beating inflicted upon him on that occasion.
595 - In respect of incident A 8, see FWS-198 (T 1001-1002). In respect of incident A 13, see Rasim Taranin (T 1717).
596 - FWS-215 (T 895); FWS-66 (T 1092).
597 - FWS-66 (T 1093); FWS-215 (T 894); Dzevad Lojo (T 641).
598 - FWS-215 (T 895).
599 - Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1941).
600 - Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1942, 1943).
601 - Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1942).
602 - Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1947, 1950).
603 - Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1948-1949).
604 - See par 46, supra.
605 - FWS-54 (T 747); Rasim Taranin (T 1716).
606 - FWS-54 (T 749).
607 - See par 180, supra.
608 - FWS-69 (T 4096-4098, 4181-4184).
609 - FWS-69 said that they were slapped and that, as a result, their faces were all red (T 4096).
610 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, p 36, fn 303.
611 - II is also referred to as FWS-08.
612 - FWS-71 (T 2809-2813); FWS-08 (T 1773).
613 - FWS-71 (T 2812-2813).
614 - FWS-71 (T 2812).
615 - FWS-08 (T 1776).
616 - Par 5.17 reads as follows: “Milorad Krnojelac in concert with other high-level prison staff, ordered the guards to beat detainees even for minor violations of the prison rules, as described in paragraphs 5.18 through 5.21.” (emphasis added)
617 - Par 5.21 speaks of the collective punishment imposed upon other detainees as a result of Ekrem Zekovic’s attempt to escape, but there is no reference to any beating or other punishment of Ekrem Zekovic himself.
618 - Kupreskic Appeal Judgment, par 114.
619 - Ibid, par 83.
620 - Ibid, pars 93, 100.
621 - The Prosecution Pre-Trial Brief expanded the very general statement in the Indictment, but still failed to notify the Defence of the real case (Ibid, par 116). The statements of the relevant witnesses were provided less than a month before the first of them gave evidence, during most of which period the trial was proceeding, and still without any forewarning of the nature of the case which was to be put (Ibid, par 120).
622 - Ibid, par 124; See also par 113.
623 - This was done in respect of par 5.2 of the Indictment. The Accused was required to re-plead to the Indictment as amended.
624 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3555-3565).
625 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3567-3569).
626 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3569-3570).
627 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3567-3569, 3573-3575); See also Miladin Matovic (T 6587).
628 - T 8121.
629 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3570, 3579-3580).
630 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3574-3575); See also The Accused (T 7681, 8121).
631 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3588).
632 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3591-3595). The second time, he was taken away but not beaten (Ekrem Zekovic, T 3593-3594).
633 - See pars 227-230, supra.
634 - See for example Ekrem Zekovic (T 3587-3588); FWS-250 (T 5066). The Accused himself conceded that he was present during Todovic’s speech (T 7684-7686).
635 - FWS-216 (T 3587).
636 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3587-3588); Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, pp 694-695); FWS-250 (T 5065-5066).
637 - FWS-250 (T 5066).
638 - FWS-73 (T 3240-3245); FWS-182 (T 1614); FWS-249 (T 4460-4470); Muhamed Lisica (T 4921-4924).
639 - T 7686.
640 - FWS-73 (T 3240).
641 - FWS-73 (T 3240); FWS-249 (T 4471); Muhamed Lisica (T 4926).
642 - FWS-73 (T 3240).
643 - Rasim Taranin (T 1731-1734); FWS-08 (T 1781-1782); Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1982); FWS-138 (T 2095); FWS-73 (T 3242-3246); FWS-249 (T 4414, 4445, 4471); Muhamed Lisica (T 4926-4927).
644 - See pars 239-306, infra.
645 - FWS-03 (T 2234-2235, 2238-2239); See also FWS-69 (T 4106).
646 - FWS-03 (T 2236).
647 - FWS-03 (T 2236); See also FWS-172 (T 4569) who describes Hajro Sabanovic’s injuries when returned to his room.
648 - FWS-03 (T 2237-2238).
649 - FWS-03 (T 2238-2239).
650 - FWS-03 (T 2240); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3816).
651 - FWS-03 (T 2240-2241).
652 - FWS-03 (T 2241-2242).
653 - Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3816-3817); FWS-104 (T 2175); FWS-113 (T 2556).
654 - See par 184, supra.
655 - FWS-03 (T 2239).
656 - See Prosecution Final Trial Brief, par 101.
657 - FWS-66 (T 1088); FWS-71 (T 2824-2825); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3759).
658 - The last sentence of par 5.26 reads: “These incidents [which are described in broad terms in par 5.26] are further described in paragraphs 5.27 through 5.29 and attached Schedule B.”
659 - See findings in respect of pars 5.27 - 5.29 and beatings listed in Schedule B, infra.
660 - See findings in respect of pars 5.27 - 5.29 and beatings listed in Schedule B, infra.
661 - Safet Avdic (T 483-484); FWS-54 (T 767); FWS-162 (T 1387); FWS-142 (T 1824, 1841); Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1953); FWS-03 (T 2251); FWS-109 (T 2377-2379); FWS-113 (T 2574-2580); FWS-71 (T 2828); Amir Berberkic (T 3791-3792); FWS-69 (T 4116); FWS-172 (T 4559); FWS-250 (T 5048).
662 - FWS-111 (T 1238); FWS-198 (T 1032-1033); FWS-86 (T 1511-1512); FWS-54 (T 1102); FWS-162 (T 1387-1388); Dzevad Lojo (T 645); FWS-142 (T 1824); Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1953); FWS-104 (T 2176-2177); FWS-03 (T 2251); FWS-109 (T 2380); FWS-113 (T 2580); FWS-71 (T 2829-2830, 2837-2839); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3479-3480); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3790-3791); FWS-69 (T 4116); FWS-172 (T 4564); FWS-250 (T 5040-5041). See, however, the testimony of Risto Ivanovic who denied that Nurko Nisic was ever beaten while he was detained at the KP Dom (T 6175). This witness further claimed that nobody was ever beaten at the KP Dom and that no guard was ever involved in such mistreatment (T 6179). The Trial Chamber notes that Risto Ivanovic worked in shift at the KP Dom with two guards, Zoran Matovic and Milenko Burilo (T 6180); who have been mentioned repeatedly by Prosecution witnesses as being among the worst principal offenders of beatings (See par 273, infra concerning the finding of the Trial Chamber in respect of those two guards). The Trial Chamber does not accept the evidence of this witness on that point; nor does his evidence cause the Trial Chamber to have a reasonable doubt that the Prosecution witnesses were telling the truth.
663 - See for example FWS-111 (T 1238-1239); FWS-198 (T 1032); Rasim Taranin (T 1725); FWS-86 (T 1511-1512); FWS-54 (T 1102); Dzevad Lojo (T 645); FWS-182 (T 1630); Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1953-1954); FWS-138 (T 2069-2070); FWS-71 (T 2830); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3791-3792); FWS-172 (T 4566).
664 - FWS-198 (T 1005); FWS-162 (T 1387-1388); FWS-142 (T 1824); FWS-104 (T 2176); FWS-109 (T 2380); FWS-71 (T 2839-2840); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3479-3480, 3663); FWS-69 (T 4116); FWS-172 (T 4564); FWS-250 (T 5048-5049).
665 - FWS-71 (T 2839-2840); Ekrem Zekovic (3479-3480); FWS-250 (T 5042, 5049).
666 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3479-3480).
667 - FWS-215 (T 908); FWS-111 (T 1238); FWS-198 (T 1005-1007, 1032-1034); FWS-82 (T 1725); FWS-86 (T 1510); FWS-54 (T 1102); FWS-162 (T 1386-1388); FWS-85 (T 645-646); FWS-139 (T 358); FWS-182 (T 1630); FWS-142 (T 1824); FWS-119 (T 1954); FWS-138 (T 2070); FWS-104 (T 2176); FWS-03 (T 2251, 2254); FWS-109 (T 2379-2380); FWS-113 (T 2580); FWS-71 (T 2830, 2837, 2840); FWS-73 (T 3264); FWS-216 (T 3479); FWS-214 (T 3791-3792); FWS-69 (T 4116); FWS-172 (T 4654, 4566); FWS-250 (T 5040).
668 - FWS-182 (T 1630); FWS-71 (T 2830, 2837); FWS-214 (T 3791-3792); FWS-172 (T 4566).
669 - FWS-66 (T 1097-1098); FWS-111 (T 1241); FWS-86 (T 1526-1527); FWS-66 (T 1148-1149); FWS-182 (T 1616, 1622); FWS-138 (T 2074); FWS-03 (T 2252-2253); Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1961); FWS-54 (T 767-768); FWS-109 (T 2394, 2432); FWS-113 (T 2581); FWS-71 (T 2829, 2862); FWS-73 (T 3275); FWS-172 (T 4560).
670 - Dzevad Lojo (T 650-651).
671 - FWS-66 (T 1098); FWS-104 (T 2163); Dzevad Lojo (T 638-639, 647); Amir Berberkic (T 3801).
672 - Dzevad Lojo (T 638-639, 647); FWS-71 (T 2829, 2837, 2865).
673 - FWS-111 (T 1237-1239); FWS-215 (T 901); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3793).
674 - FWS-111 (T 1237-1238); FWS-138 (T 2081); FWS-54 (769); FWS-08 (T 1783); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3793); FWS-172 (T 4560-4561). The Trial Chamber is satisfied that the pattern demonstrated by the evidence establishes that Bico was beaten. See pars 326-327, infra, the reference to pattern evidence in the section on murder.
675 - FWS-198 (T 1018); FWS-109 (2377 2380); FWS-109 (T 2430-2431); FWS-71 (T 2864); FWS-69 (T 4122).
676 - See also par 263, infra, findings in respect of incidents No 5 in Schedule B.
677 - FWS-66 (T 1108); FWS-111 (T 1242); FWS-215 (T 908); Dzevad Lojo (T 644-645); Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1964-1965); FWS-138 (T 2084-2085); FWS-03 (T 2251); FWS-54 (T 741, 766); FWS-86 (T 1532-1533); FWS-182 (T 1586); FWS-109 (T 2385); FWS-113 (T 2579); FWS-71 (T 2829); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3505-3506); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3801); Muhamed Lisica (T 4957).
678 - It has been charged as murder. See par 339, infra.
679 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3505-3506).
680 - FWS-86 (T 1513); FWS-66 (T 1105); FWS-111 (T 1246-1247); FWS-142 (T 1830); FWS-138 (T 2076-2078); Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1959); FWS-73 (T 3244); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3473-3474); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3930-3931); FWS-172 (T 4570); FWS-89 (T 4665).
681 - See, in particular, FWS-73 (T 3244). See also Ekrem Zekovic (T 3473).
682 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3473); Salko Mandzo told Ekrem Zekovic about this incident and the Accused’s part in it.
683 - T 7680.
684 - FWS-139 (T 359-360); FWS-54 (T 752-757); FWS-111 (T 1252); FWS-142 (T 1826-1830); FWS-138 (T 2081); FWS-03 (T 2251-2253); FWS-58 (T 2702); FWS-71 (T 2825-2828); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3469); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3817, 3925); Muhamed Lisica (T 4957).
685 - See, FWS-71 (T 2826).
686 - Schedule B is annexed to the Indictment.
687 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3511-3512); FWS-69 (T 4107-4108).
688 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3511-3512).
689 - FWS-69 (T 4108).
690 - FWS-119 (T1955-1956, 1961-1964).
691 - Ibid.
692 - FWS-139 (T 361); FWS-138 (T 2068-2069); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3474, 3651, 3711).
693 - FWS-138 (T 2068-2069); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3474, 3651, 3711).
694 - This incident is not the same incident as that described in par 5.15 of the Indictment which took place prior to incident B 4.
695 - That fact was conceded by the Prosecution in the Prosecution Final Trial Brief, p 2.
696 - FWS-66 stated that he saw Abdurahman Cankusic until sometime in July or August 1992 (T 1106).
697 - Dzevad Lojo (T 640-642); See also incidents C 3 and C 4.
698 - FWS-198 (T 1021); FWS-172 (T 4548-4549).
699 - Ibid.
700 - FWS-172 (T 4548-4552).
701 - Ibid.
702 - FWS-104 (T 2172-2173); FWS-03 (T 2250); FWS-113 (T 2253-2255); FWS-69 (T 4118); FWS-73 (T 3216-3217).
703 - FWS-113 (T 2254-2256).
704 - Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3813-3814).
705 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, annexed Schedule B, p 6.
706 - See pars 239-242, supra.
707 - FWS-142 (T 1828); FWS-69 (T 4104-4105).
708 - Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3773-3774).
709 - Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3772-3778).
710 - Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3772).
711 - The act or omission must aim at obtaining information or a confession, or at punishing, intimidating or coercing the victim or a third person, or at discriminating, on any ground, against the victim or a third person.
712 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3499, 3614); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3812); FWS-250 (T 5025-5029).
713 - FWS-66 (T 1106); FWS-111 (T 1233); FWS-215 (T 903-904); FWS-54 (T 769); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3499); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3812); FWS-69 (T 4129); FWS-250 (T 5029).
714 - See FWS-142 (T 1823-1824); FWS-104 (T 2165-2169); FWS-03 (T 2246-2249); FWS-113 (T 2569-2574); FWS-73 (T 3261-3263); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3781-3782); FWS-249 (T 4484).
715 - See for example Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, pp 483-484, 692-693); FWS-86 (T 1519); FWS-86 (T 1520); FWS-182 (T 1622); FWS-138 (T 2069); FWS-03 (T 2250-2254, 2260-2261); FWS-144 (T 2301-2303); FWS-71 (T 2820, 2822, 2829, 2862, 2889, 2981); FWS-69 (T 4112); FWS-172 (T 4559-4560); Muhamed Lisica (T 4946).
716 - See FWS-138 (T 2068, 2084); Rasim Taranin (T 1724); FWS-03 (T 2250-2254, 2260-2261); FWS-144 (T 2303-2304); FWS-109 (T 2396); Dzevad Lojo (T 2584-2587); FWS-71 (T 2829); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3476); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3811); RJ (T 3861); FWS-69 (T 4110); Muhamed Lisica (T 4957).
717 - See for example FWS-73 (T 3286-3289).
718 - See for example FWS-54 (T 761-762).
719 - See par 317, infra.
720 - See pars 274-276, infra.
721 - See pars 274, infra and “murder” section at pars 333-335, infra.
722 - See FWS-71 (T 2858); Muhamed Lisica (T 4963-4965).
723 - See FWS-139 (T 357); Safet Avdic (T 482-494, 514-517); FWS-54 (T 758-762, 765, 772); FWS-215 (T 906, 912, 930); FWS-198 (T 1017-1018); FWS-66 (T 1064-1066, 1100-1101); FWS-111 (T 1237-1240, 1256); FWS-162 (T 1401); FWS-86 (T 1514); FWS-142 (T 1826-1827); Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1955-1957, 1961-1964); FWS-138 (T 2071, 2074, 2081, 2084); FWS-03 (T 2250-2254); FWS-109 (T 2379, 2383, 2394); FWS-113 (T 2576-2580, 2583, 2586); FWS-71 (T 2828-2833, 2840, 2853-2854, 2954, 2958, 2887); FWS-73 (T 3252-3253, 3267-3268, 3369, 3296); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3487, 3499, 3508-3509); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3789-3791, 3794, 3800, 3802-3803); FWS-69 (T 4111-4112, 4123-4124); FWS-172 (T 4559, 4564-4565); FWS-137 (T 4750, 4802); Muhamed Lisica (T 4947-4960).
724 - See, for instance, FWS-54 (T 762); FWS-03 (T 2261); FWS-109 (T 2394-2395).
725 - FWS-71 (T 2829-2830, 2837).
726 - FWS-54 (T 761).
727 - Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3789-3791).
728 - FWS-66 (T 1101); FWS-03 (T 2254); FWS-113 (T 2586). See also FWS-142 who thinks that he recognised his voice on that occasion (T 1826-1827). See also, FWS-210 (T 4958-4959).
729 - FWS-71 (T 2954).
730 - FWS-71 (T 2840).
731 - FWS-54 (T 762-763). See also Ekrem Zekovic (T 3487); FWS-71 (T 2837); Muhamed Lisica (T 4947-4948).
732 - FWS-54 (T 762-763). See also FWS-198 (T 1022).
733 - FWS-54 (T 762-763).
734 - In relation to Ramo Dzendusic, see Safet Avdic (T 519); FWS-215 (T 904); FWS-66 (T 1107); FWS-182 (T 1638); Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1961-1964); FWS-104 (T 2184, 2217); FWS-54 (T 770); FWS-138 (T 2076); FWS-109 (T 2377-2378, 2394); FWS-113 (T 2582); FWS-71 (T 2886); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3489, 3495); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3809); FWS-69 (T 4124-4125); FWS-172 (T 4560-4561). See also incident 8 in Schedule C. In relation to Nail Hodzic, see FWS-65 (T 516); FWS-119 (T 1955-1964, 1967); FWS-113 (T 2574-2582); FWS-71 (T 2833-2836); FWS-73 (T 3267); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3503); FWS-66 (T 1107); FWS-86 (T 1516); FWS-69 (T 4118); FWS-137 (T 4750-4756); Muhamed Lisica (T 4960-4961); FWS-250 (T 5078).
735 - See, in particular, FWS-65 (T 516); FWS-66 (T 1107); FWS-119 (T 1955-1967); FWS-109 (T 2377-2378, 2394); FWS-113 (T 2574-2576, 2582); FWS-71 (T 2883-2887); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3489-3499); FWS-172 (T 4559-4561); FWS-137 (T 4750-4756).
736 - FWS-66 (T 1107).
737 - The Trial Chamber is satisfied that this incident is different to that considered in the section on murder. See par 340, infra.
738 - FWS-162 (T 1386-1387); FWS-03 (T 2252-2253; FWS-172 (T 4559-4561). See also, FWS-111 (T 1240); FWS-66 (T 1100-1101, 1108); FWS-162 (T 1386-1387); FWS-198 (T 1010-1011); FWS-142 (T 1824); FWS-104 (T 2176-2178); FWS-03 (T 2257, 2261); FWS-54 (T 772); FWS-109 (T 2832); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3787-3789). FWS-172 mentioned that they may have been taken in July rather than June 1992 (T 4559).
739 - FWS-162 (T 1387-1388).
740 - FWS-162 (T 1387-1388).
741 - FWS-104 (T 2176-2177); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3789).
742 - FWS-162 (T 1388); FWS-03 (T 2250-2252, 2258); FWS 172 (T 4559-4561).
743 - See FWS-66 (T 1107); Safet Avdic (T 519); FWS-111 (T 1241); FWS-215 (T 905); FWS-139 (T 364); FWS-182 (T 1638); FWS-142 (T 1826); FWS-54 (T 770); FWS-86 (T 1539-1541); FWS-109 (T 2385); FWS-113 (T 2583); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3501); Muhamed Lisica (T 4963).
744 - See Ekrem Zekovic (T 3501-3502); FWS-111 (T 1241); FWS-215 (T 905).
745 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3501).
746 - FWS-142 (T 1826-1827).
747 - FWS-73 (T 3404); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3502); FWS-66 (T 1107); FWS-111 (T 1241); FWS-182 (T 1638); FWS-142 (T 1826); FWS-86 (T 1542); FWS-109 (T 2385-2395);
748 - FWS-69 (T 4119); FWS-139 (T 354).
749 - FWS-139 seems to suggest that he had been beaten prior to his being brought to the KP Dom (T 355).
750 - FWS-65 (T 524);  FWS-104 (T 2185, 2209); FWS- 113 (T 2597-2599);  FWS-214 (T 3928); FWS-216 (T 3513-3516).
751 - Ibid.
752 - FWS-73 (T 3285-3286).
753 - FWS-65 (T 524-525); FWS-104 (T 2185-2187,2209); FWS- 113 (T 2597-2599); FWS-214 (T 3928).
754 - In respect of Latif Hasanbegovic, see FWS-109 (T 2359-2362); FWS-71 (T 2810, 2821-2822). In respect of Aziz Haskovic, see FWS-109 (T 2359-2362); FWS-71 (T 2822). In respect of Halim Seljanci (incident B 51), see FWS-109 (T 2359-2362); FWS-58 (T 2701); FWS-71 (T 2810, 2821-2822).
755 - FWS-03 (T 2252); FWS-73 (3214-3218); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3927).
756 - It is alleged in incident B 31 that, sometime in June 1992, Ibro Kafedzic was beaten by guards and/or soldiers including military police on the ground floor of the administration building after lunch or dinner.
757 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3517); FWS-69 (T 4077-4079).
758 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3517).
759 - The Trial Chamber did not take into account those injuries which might have been inflicted prior to his arrival at the KP Dom (see Ekrem Zekovic, T 3517).
760 - FWS-198 (T 1021); FWS-71 (T 2879, 2886); FWS-73 (T 3284, 3411-3413); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3497); FWS-69 (T 4086); Muhamed Lisica (T 5009).
761 - See par 274, supra.
762 - FWS-73 (T 3289-3290).
763 - FWS-73 (T 3289-3290).
764 - FWS-214 (T 3760-3763).
765 - FWS-214 (T 3762).
766 - See pars 254-255, supra.
767 - See pars 254-255, supra in respect of par 5.28.
768 - FWS-86 (T 1513); FWS-66 (T 1104); FWS-139 (T 360); FWS-182 (T 1629); Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1959); FWS-138 (T 2076-2079); FWS-104 (T 2166-2169); FWS-03 (T 2248-2249); FWS-113 (T 2569-2571); FWS-73 (T 3261-3263); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3784-3786); FWS-249 (T 4484-4486).
769 - FWS-03 (T 2250-2252); FWS-182 (T 1630).
770 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, Schedule B, p 22.
771 - FWS-111 (T 1246); Dzevad Lojo (T 655); FWS-73 (T 3285); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3520); FWS-172 (T 4569-4570).
772 - FWS-111 (T 1246); FWS-73 (T 3285); FWS-172 (T 4569).
773 - See FWS-111 (T 1246); FWS-86 (T 1515); FWS-216 (T 3520); FWS-73 (T 3285).
774 - FWS-111 (T 1243); Dzevad Lojo (T 656); FWS-113 (T 2594); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3524); FWS-250 (T 5040-5042).
775 - FWS-85 mentioned that Mesbur may have been beaten before being taken to the KP Dom (T 656).
776 - FWS-03 (T 2252-2253, 2258-2260); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3808); FWS-69 (T 4124-4125); FWS-172 (T 4561).
777 - FWS-138 (T 2083); FWS-109 (T 2400-2401); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3489); Muhamed Lisica (T 4947).
778 - Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3787).
779 - Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3787-3791). See also, FWS-73 (T 3267).
780 - Ibid.
781 - See par 276, supra.
782 - FWS-172 (T 4559-4561).
783 - Ibid.
784 - See par 274, supra.
785 - See Prosecution Final Trial Brief, p 27.
786 - See pars 239-242, supra.
787 - FWS-119 (T 1955-1956); FWS-03 (T 2251).
788 - FWS-119 (T 1955-1961); FWS-03 (T 2250-2253); FWS-69 (T 4119); FWS-250 (T 5077).
789 - See par 280, supra.
790 - FWS-73 (T 3282); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3525); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3928); FWS-137 (T 4760).
791 - FWS-73 (T 3282); FWS-137 (T 4760, 4800).
792 - Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3930).
793 - Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3930).
794 - FWS-54 (T 751-754).
795 - Ibid.
796 - FWS-54 (T 752).
797 - FWS-54 (T 752): “However, I later heard from some others, now to what extent you can believe this or not is different, that he beat them. I did not see that, but he really did not treat me that way.” (emphasis added)
798 - T 2398-2402.
799 - See par 301, supra; See also FWS-69 (T 4085-4086) and FWS-210 (T 4967, 5009) who testified that Sulejman Soro was taken away at some point and never returned. There is no evidence that he was beaten on that occasion.
800 - FWS-111 (T 1258); FWS-139 (T 367); FWS-54 (T 767); FWS-109 (T 2377-2378, 2395-2396); FWS-71 (T 2865-2866); Amir Berberkic (T 3927); FWS-172 (T 4560-4561); FWS-137 (T 4750); Muhamed Lisica (T 4962).
801 - But See par 339,infra, in relation to his murder on another occasion.
802 - See par 301, supra; See also FWS-69 (T 4085-4086) and FWS-210 (T 4967 and 5009) who testified that Sulejman Soro was taken away at some point and never returned. There is no evidence that he was beaten on that occasion.
803 - FWS-86 (T 1517).
804 - FWS-58 (T 2700).
805 - FWS-159 (T 2442-2454). There is no suggestion that the person named “Milorad” was the Accused.
806 - FWS-159 (T 2457).
807 - FWS-159 (T 2479-2484).
808 - FWS-159 (T 2483-2484).
809 - FWS-159 (T 2483).
810 - See par 274, supra.
811 - The Accused (T 7677, 8112).
812 - The Accused (T 7681-7682, 8121). See also Defence witness Risto Ivanovic (T 6152). The Trial Chamber does not accept the evidence of this witness on that point; nor does his evidence cause the Trial Chamber to have a reasonable doubt that the Prosecution witnesses were telling the truth. See also Ekrem Zekovic (T 3574-3575).
813 - See pars 228-233, supra where the Trial Chamber points out that this beating was not the subject of the charge in the Indictment. However, it remains evidence in the case from which inferences may legitimately be drawn by the Trial Chamber in relation to issues arising out of incidents which are the subject of charges in the Indictment.
814 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3569-3570).
815 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3569-3570).
816 - The Accused said that he never heard about any beatings (T 7678).
817 - See for example RJ (T 3860-3867); Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1979-1981).
818 - RJ (T 3860-3864).
819 - RJ (T 3860-3866).
820 - RJ (T 3865-3866).
821 - RJ (T 3865-3866). Ahmet Hadzimusic gave evidence of having overheard a conversation between two relatives named Cankusic who discussed the disappearance of the sons of one of them, and that one of the two men had reported it to the Accused. According to Hadzimusic, Cankusic asked the Accused where his sons were. The Accused answered that they had been sentenced and taken away to serve their terms. When Cankusic asked the Accused why they had been beaten so much, the Accused attempted to justify the beatings by saying that they had been beaten in order to obtain a confession. This evidence against the Accused was hearsay and, in the absence of any circumstantial support for the statements made to Hadzimusic, the Trial Chamber does not consider it sufficiently credible to base a finding that the Accused had in fact been made aware of those facts: Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1979-1981, 2012).
822 - The Accused (T 7677).
823 - Several witnesses mentioned that they saw him at the refectory or on his way to the refectory: see for example Rasim Taranin (T 1706); Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1981); FWS-249 (T 4497-4498); FWS-250 (T 5056, 5068-5069); FWS-109 (T 2409-2410); RJ (T 3892); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3451); FWS-138 (T 2096-2097).
824 - See FWS-139 (T 381); FWS-111 (T 1276); FWS-162 (T 1403); FWS-69 (T 4130); FWS-172 (T 4590); FWS-249 (T 4497-4498). The Accused said that he did not often go through the yard, only “when the need arose” (T 7660). Further, he said that he “usually went to the furniture factory at the time when there were no detained persons in the yard” (T 7677).
825 - See for example Faik Tafro (the Accused, T 7611); Ekrem Zekovic (the Accused, T 7917); Muhamed Lisica (T 7918); RJ (T 7929).
826 - The Accused may also have been told that Cankusic’s sons were beaten to obtain a confession, but the Trial Chamber is not satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that he was in fact made aware of the facts communicated to Hadzimusic.
827 - Nor was the Accused charged with criminal responsibility for the torture of Cankusic’s sons.
828 - See par 173, supra.
829 - See in particular: FWS-54 (T 761-762); FWS-66 (T 1096, 1135-1137); FWS-215 (T 891-893); FWS-139 (T 399-412); FWS-182 (T 1650-1652); FWS-138 (T 2111-2120); FWS-104 (T 2179); FWS-109 (T 2362); RJ (T 3881-3889). See par 189ff, supra.
830 - Dragomir Obrenovic is No 46 in Ex P 3.
831 - Milenko Burilo is No 56 in Ex P 3.
832 - Milenko Elcic is No 34 in Ex P 3.
833 - Zoran Matovic is No 48 in Ex P 3.
834 - Vlatko Pljevaljcic is No 35 in Ex P 3.
835 - Predrag Stefanovic is No 22 in Ex P 3.
836 - Jovo Savic is No 55 in Ex P 3.
837 - Radovan Vukovic is No 52 in Ex P 3.
838 - Milovan Vukovic is No 45 in Ex P 3.
839 - Milivoj Milic is No 23 in Ex P 3.
840 - Milenko Elcic is No 34 in Ex P 3.
841 - See par 273, supra.
842 - See pars 96-107, supra.
843 - See pars 231-233, supra in respect of the beating of Ekrem Zekovic. See pars 254-255, supra in respect of the beating of Salko Mandzo where it is unclear whether the Accused saw the actual beating taking place or whether he walked in as the beating had just stopped.
844 - The Accused said that he was aware that outsiders were entering the KP Dom in order to carry out interrogations of the detainees: The Accused, T 7662.
845 - See, for instance, Ekrem Zekovic (T 3450) and RJ (T 3862, 3865-3866).
846 - The Accused is found responsible only for the acts of his subordinates, not for those acts committed by individuals over which he had no effective control.
847 - In respect of this incident, the Accused is found responsible only for the acts of his subordinates, not for those acts committed by individuals over which he had no effective control.
848 - See pars 181, 313, supra.
849 - The Accused is found responsible only for the acts of his subordinates, not for those acts committed by individuals over which he had no effective control.
850 - In respect of this incident, the Accused is found responsible for his failure to ensure that his subordinates would prevent outsiders from entering the KP Dom and beating detainees. He is not responsible, however, for the actual beatings carried out by those outsiders who were not his subordinates.
851 - Count 8 and Count 10.
852 - See pars 51-64, supra.
853 - Kordic and Cerkez Trial Judgment, pars 236.
854 - Kordic and Cerkez Trial Judgment, par 236; Delalic Trial Judgment, par 439. Many decisions of this Tribunal and of the ICTR have adopted a definition of murder which refers to only one or two of these alternative states of mind. The relevant states of mind have nevertheless been expressed in this way, sometimes in differing terms but to substantially the same effect, in those decisions: Akayesu Trial Judgment, par 589; Delalic Trial Judgment, pars 425, 434-435, 439; Kayishema & Ruzindana Trial Judgment, pars 150-151; Rutaganda Trial Judgment, par 80; Jelisic Trial Judgment, par 35; Musema Trial Judgment, par 215; Blaskic Trial Judgment, pars 153, 181.
855 - Juso Dzamalija, listed as victim C 6 (Ex P 55).
856 - T1158-1159. The Defence conceded that it has no reason to question the fact that the persons listed in Schedule C were in fact dead. The Defence contests the circumstances of their deaths and the alleged involvement of the Accused.
857 - This approach is supported by the jurisprudence of the ECHR, the Inter-American Court and national legal systems. See for example Godinez Cruz v. Honduras, judgment of 20 January 1989 (Inter-Am.Ct. H. R. (Ser. C no.5) (1989), par.155; Cakici v Turkey, Judgment on 8 July 1999, to be published in ECHR 1999. For decisions of national legal systems see for example, People v Bolinski, April 1, 1968, 260 Cal.App.2d 705, 714-715, 67 Cal. Rprt. 347, 353; State of Kansas v Pyle, Supreme Court of Kansas, March 1, 1975, 216 Kan. 423; 532 P.2d 1309; People of the State of New York v Lipsky, Court of Appeals of New York, November  8, 1982, 57 N.Y. 2d 560, 443 N.E.2d 925;457 N.Y.S. 2d 451 (this case expressly lays to rest an earlier jurisprudence which required production of the body of the deceased); Epperly v Commonwealth of Virginia, Supreme Court of Virginia, September 9, 1982, 224 Va. 214; 294 S.E.2d 882; Stocking v The State, December 21, 1855, 7 Ind. 259, 263; Commonwealth v Burns, Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, January 21, 1963, 409 Pa. 619, 630; 187 A.2d 552; Commonwealth v Lettrich, March 22, 1943, 346 Pa. 497, 502-503, 31 A.2d 155; Commonwealth v Homeyer, February 13, 1953, 373 Pa. 150, 156-157, 94 A.2d 743; People v. Ray Cullen, Supreme Court of California, July 27, 1951, 37 Cal. 2d 614, 613, 234 P.2d 1, 15-16;  People v Scott, Court of Appeal of California, Second Appellate District, Division Three, December 21, 1959, 176 Cal. App. 2d 458 1 Cal. Rptr. 600; People v Clark, Court of Appeal of California, Second Appellate district, Decision one, January 8, 1925, 70 Cal. App. 531 233 P.980; Regina v Onufrejczyk, Court of Criminal Appeal [1955] 1 QB 388; 1 All ER 247; 2 WLR 273; 39 CR App Rep 1; Chamberlain v The Queen (1984) 51 A.L.R. 225; Regina v Horry [1952 N.Z.L.R. 111, 122; Regina v Flynn, 111 C.C.C. (3d) 521; Weissensteiner v The Queen (1993) 178 CLR 217; Pfenning v The Queen (1995) 182 CLR 461.
858 - Prosecutor v Dusko Tadic, Judgment On Allegations of Contempt Against Prior Counsel, Milan Vujin, IT-94-1-A-R77, 31 Jan 2000, par 91; Delalic Appeal Judgment, par 458.
859 - FWS-71 (T 2828-2868,  2829  2869-2873, 2925, 2972); FWS-69 (T 4112); FWS-172 (T 4559-4560); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3787-3794, 3800-3812); Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1953);  Dzevad S Lojo (T 2575-2587); FWS-111 (T 1235-1259);  FWS-215 (T 885, 900); FWS-109 (T 2377); FWS-54 (T 758, 766-769, 772); FWS -73 (T 3400); FWS-142 (T 1824); FWS-172 (T 4459);  FWS-162 (T 1387); RJ (T 3860-3869);  FWS-3(T 2250-2254); Safet Avdic (T 483-484). FWS-86 (T 1519-1521); FWS-182 (T 1622); FWS-138 (T 2609); FWS-144 (T 2301-2303); Muhamed Lisica (T 4946);  FWS-198 (T 1011-1023); FWS-139 (T 352, 368); FWS-66 (T 1099); FWS-137 (T 4746); FWS-104 (T 2182);  Dzevad Lojo (T 650);  FWS-250 (T 5048).
860 - Indictment, par 5.32.
861 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, pars 118, ft 401. At par 122 of the Final Trial Brief the Prosecution alleges that other evidence indicates that numerous killings occurred from May 1992 onwards. The only evidence referencing this claim is par 5.32 of the Indictment.
862 - FWS-71 (T 2828-2868, 2925, 2972).
863 - Dzevad S Lojo (T 2574); FWS-109 (T 2377); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3787); FWS-69 (T 4112, 4124); FWS-172 (T 4559); FWS-71 (T 2828); FWS-142 (T 1824); Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1953); FWS-54 (T 767).
864 - Ex P 43, Bozo Drakul (T 7220-7227); Milenko Dundjer (T 5379); Ex 92-1 –A, Ex D 90-1-A.
865 - The Prosecution argued that Ex D 92A confirms only that the Accused was authorised to travel to Belgrade for an unspecified amount of time on 24 June 1992. Ex D 92-1-A also does not confirm that the Accused travelled to Belgrade on that particular day. The document refers to a travel authorisation no 55/92 while the number of the travel authorisation is Ex D 92A is 37/92.
866 - Ex D 92A.
867 - Ex D 92-1-A.
868 - Ex D 93A.
869 - Drakul Bozo (T 7224).
870 - Desanka Bogdanovic (T 7103-7105, 7009-7021); Svetozar Bogdanovic (T 7064-7068, 7088).
871 - FWS-109 (T 2377-2378); FWS-172 (T 4631, 4559, 4565); FWS-250 (T 5094); FWS-137 (T 4746); FWS-111 (T 1248); FWS-85 (T 648); FWS-86 (T 1519); Rasim Taranin (T 1724); FWS-119 (T 1955); FWS-144 (T 2301); RJ (T 3860); FWS-03 (T 2251); FWS-182 (T 1622); FWS-162 (T 1384); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3476); FWS-69 (T 4110). Although most of the witnesses identified the beatings as occurring during the evenings, a couple of witnesses claimed that the beatings would begin in the afternoons and continue until late in the evenings: FWS-66 (T 1096); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3811).
872 - FWS-71 (T 2829, 2862-2866, 2868-2883); FWS-66 (T 766); FWS-172 (T 4559-4560, 4564-4566); FWS-73 (T 3260-3271); FWS-54 (T 753, 758-762, 766); FWS-104 (T 2183-2184); Muhamed Lisica (T 4960-4961); FWS-137 (T 3267, 4746); FWS-215 (T 894, 906); FWS-111 (T 1237); FWS-66 (T 1093-1111); FWS-73 (T 3272-3273); FWS-86 (T 1517-1520); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2574-2575); FWS-66 (T 1093); FWS-69 (T 1097); FWS-137 (T 4746); Safet Avdic (T 483-486); FWS-109 (T 2378); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3787, 3968-3969); FWS-144 (T 2301); Dzevad Lojo (T 639). The Trial Chamber places no weight upon the statement given by Muhamed Lisica (Ex P 318/A) alleging the involvement of the Accused in the preparation of the lists (T 4910-4913); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3475).
873 - A number of witnesses gave evidence which established that the lists were prepared by the Administration of the KP Dom: FWS-73 (T 3329-3331); FWS-182 (T 1623);  Safet Avdic (T 484); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2575). The Trial Chamber does not interpret this evidence as implicating the Accused.
874 - Dzevad S Lojo (T 2575); FWS-66 (T 1093-1095); FWS-144 (T 2301-2302); FWS-109 (T 2380); FWS-71 (T 2837); Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1956); FWS-54 (T 758-773); FWS-162 (T 1384-1387).
875 - FWS-71 (T 2837, 2865, 2875, 2886); FWS-172 (T 4572); FWS-66 (T 1093-1095); Safet Avdic (T 488)
876 - FWS-54 (T 756-761); FWS-73 (T 3259-3260); FWS-71 (T 2841, 2852-2853); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3773-3775); FWS-86 (T 1519-1520); FWS-198 (T 1012-1013); Safet Avdic (T 491-492); FWS-182 (T 1683); FWS-119 (T 2005-2006); FWS-138 (T 2087-2088); FWS-109 (T 2360); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3475); RJ (T 3887); FWS-69 (T 4084); FWS-58 (T 2693).
877 - FWS-69 (T 4110, 4125); FWS-172 (T 4559-4560); RJ (T 3860); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3475, 3477-3479, 3481-3482); FWS-86 (T 1526); Rasim Taranin (T 1724-1725); FWS-109 (T 2378); FWS-144 (T 2302); FWS-71 (T 2837); Dzevad Lojo (T 650); FWS-215 (T 886, 896); Safet Avdic (T 489-493); FWS-198 (T 1012-1013); FWS-66 (T 1095).
878 - Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1957); Dzevad Lojo (T 640-642); FWS-66 (T 1097-1098); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3789,  3792); FWS-71 (T 2839-2840); Muhamed Lisica (T 4956-4957); FWS-73 (T 3264-3266); FWS-86 (T 1623-1624); FWS-142 (T 1824); FWS-104 (T 2176-2178); FWS-03 (T 2254); FWS-71 (T 2839-2840); FWS-250 (T 5049); FWS-162 (T 1387-1388); FWS-69 (T 4111); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3479-3487).
879 - FWS-71 (T 2841-2854); FWS-54 (T 758-765,803); FWS-66 (T 1096); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3968-3969).
880 - FWS-69 (T 4087-4088); Muhamed Lisica (T 4963).
881 - FWS-78 (transcript admitted from Kunarac proceedings T 2139); FWS-71 (T 4654-4565); FWS-69 (T 4125, 4191-4192); FWS-109 (T 2379-2380); FWS-66 (T 1100-1101); Muhamed Lisica (T 4950); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3481, 3482, 3487); Dr Amir Berberic (T 3811); FWS-73 (T 3254);  FWS-58 ( T 2693-2699); FWS-182 (T 1635-1636); FWS-142 (T 1824); FWS-109 (T 2379-2383); Dzevad Lojo (T 641-642, 651-652); FWS-54 (T 758-762); FWS-198 (T 1018); FWS-172 (T 4564); FWS-71 (T 2837-2838, 2866, 2883, 2886).
882 - FWS-138 (T 2088); FWS-69 (T 4087); FWS-71 (T 4654-4565); FWS-109 (T 2384); FWS-66 (T 1096); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3479-3486); FWS-142 (T 1824-1825); FWS-58 (T 2664-2269); FWS-86 (T 1527-1528); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3809-3810); FWS-172 (T 4565); FWS-71 (T 2838-2839); Muhamed Lisica (T 4898-4899, 4955); FWS-144 (T 2301-2303, 2337).
883 - FWS-111 (T 1248); FWS-71 (T 2838-2839); FWS-249 (T 4426); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3482-34855, 3669).
884 - FWS-58 (T 2695, 2698-2699); Safet Avdic (T 493, 513-514, 555); It is clear that Safet Advic relied upon inferences which he drew from seeing the headlights reflected on the bridge, as it was impossible to see the roadway of the bridge from the room in which he was incarcerated: FWS-144 (T 2302-2306, 2336-2237); FWS-111 (T 1216); Racine Manas (T1897-1898, 1907, 1920).
885 - FWS-86 (T 1527-1528); FWS-58 (T 2694, 2713, 2715); FWS-69 (T 4125, 4191-4192); FWS-37 (T 4792); FWS-138 (T 2069-2090); FWS-109 (T 2377-2386); FWS-66 (T 1100); FWS-182 (T 1635); Dzevad Lojo (T 653-654); FWS-73 (T 3371-3372); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3544-3545); Osman Subasic (T 4101-4134).
886 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4949); FWS-54 (T 762); FWS-71 (T 2855); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3482-3483).
887 - FWS-71 (T 2868); Muhamed Lisica (T 3475-3476).
888 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4899-4903, 4997-4999); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3483, 3369-3071); FWS-109 (T 2384, 2424); FWS-142 (T 1841); FWS-138 (T 2088); FWS-109 (T 2384); FWS-249 (T 4424-4427, 4427-4428). Defence witness Lazar Divljan gave evidence that the vehicle was used to transport fish and meat and had stains as a result (T 5998-5999). The Trial Chamber does not accept this evidence, and does not regard it as creating any doubt as to the truthfulness of the Prosecution case.
889 - FWS-249 (T 4534).
890 - See pars 237-306, supra.
891 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4967, T 4977); FWS-104 (T 2217-2218); FWS-71 (T 2886-2887); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3520); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3790, 3810, 3925); FWS-73 (T 3387-3388, 3399, 3402, 3407); FWS-109 (T 2395-2396); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2590-2591); FWS-139 (T 435); Safet Avdic (T 514).
892 - Jussi Kemppainen (T 1162-1171) an investigator with the Office of the Prosecutor gave evidence regarding the results of inquiries in relation to the individuals alleged to have been murdered at the KP Dom. The results of those inquiries were tendered into evidence as Ex P 55/1. Relatives and friends of the alleged victims were contacted and asked to provide documentation about these persons. The Bosnian Government was also contacted to provide documentation. The basic documents within Ex P 55/1 are Bosnian State Commission for Missing Persons certificates, ICRC missing person confirmation and certificates, death certificates, municipal court decisions from Bosnia, newspaper articles and other certificates and documents.
893 - Amor Masovic (T 4209-4399).
894 - Ex P 55/1; Jussi Kemppainen (T 1167-1168, 1170-1171); Amor Masovic (B-12) (T 4233-4237).
895 - Ex P 55/1.
896 - Risto Ivanovic (T 6172-6178). In all other respects the Defence witnesses denied that any of the events occurred: Radomir Dolas (T 5823-5824, 5891-5892); Risto Ivanovic (T 6100, 6167, 6189, 6204); Lazar Divljan (T 6009, 6019); Zoran Mijovic (T 6225, 6228, 6379 ,6381, 63877, 6401); Miladin Matovic (T 6450-6451). The Trial Chamber does not accept this evidence, and does not regard it as creating any doubt as to the truthfulness of the prosecution case.
897 - Risto Ivanovic (T 6171-6186).
898 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3479).
899 - FWS-111 (T 1249-1250); FWS-54 (T 766); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2584); FWS-71 (T 2866, 2868, 2877); FWS-73 (T 3273); FWS-172 (T 4560-4561); FWS-137 (T 4750, 4759, 4802).
900 - FWS-215 (T 901); FWS-198 (T 1017-1018); FWS-198 (T 2081); FWS-54 (T 768-769); FWS-109 (T 2380-2383, 2430); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2583); FWS-71 (T 2864, 2866); FWS-73 (T 3269); FWS-214 (T 3793); FWS-69 (T 4122); FWS-172 (T 4559-4561).
901 - FWS-66 (T 1105-1106); FWS-111 (T 1250-1251); FWS-215 (T 903); FWS-85 (T 642); FWS-139 (T 357-358); FWS-138 (T 2074); FWS-54 (T 769); FWS-73 (T 3271); FWS-69 (T 4118); FWS-172 (T 4560-4561).
902 - FWS-66 (T 1105-1106); FWS-65 (T 516); FWS-111 (T 1251-1252); FWS-85 (T 642); FWS-139 (T 358); FWS-54 (T 766); FWS-71 (T 2862, 2865); FWS-69 (T 4118); FWS-172 (T 4560- 4561).
903 - FWS-66 (T 1106); FWS-54 (T 753, 766); Muhamed Lisica (T 4958). The proper name of the victim is Elvedin Cedic, his nickname is “Enko” (T 754, 766).
904 - FWS-65 (T 516); FWS-54 (T 759-762); FWS-66 (T 1100-1102); FWS-111 (T 1253); FWS-215 (T 904); FWS-119 (T 1957-1961); FWS-138 (T 2084); FWS-109 (T 2394); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2586); FWS-71 (T 2887); FWS-73 (T 3253); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3499); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3802-3803); FWS-69 (T 4123); FWS-137 (T 4750, 4757, 4802); Muhamed Lisica (T 4747, 4967).
905 - FWS-66 (T 1107); FWS-182 (T 1638); FWS-119 (T 1961, 1967); FWS 104 (T 2183-2184); FWS-138 (T 2076); FWS-54 (T 770); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2582); FWS-71 (T 2883, 2886-2887); FWS-73 (T 3406-3407); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3489); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3809); FWS-69 (T 4559-4561).
906 - FWS-66 (T 1107); FWS-111 (T 1241); FWS-215 (T 905); FWS-182 (T 1638); FWS-142 (T 1826); FWS-54 (T 770); FWS-86 (T 1541); FWS-109 (T 2393); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2583); FWS-73 (T 3273); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3502); Muhamed Lisica (T 4963).
907 - FWS-66 (T 1100-1102); FWS-111 (T 1253); FWS-215 (T 905); FWS-85 (T 643); FWS-139 (T 366); FWS-119 (T 1966); FWS-54 (T 767); FWS-109 (T 2385, 2394); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2579); FWS-71 (T 2862); FWS-73 (T 3271); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3504); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3807).
908 - FWS-66 (T 1107); FWS-162 (T 1386-1387); FWS-215 (T 906); FWS-139 (T 366); FWS-119 (T 1961); FWS-138 (T 2072); FWS-54 (T 770); FWS-109 (T 2385, 2431); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2584); FWS-71 (T 2836, 2862); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3811-3812).
909 - FWS-111 (T 1237, 1239-1240); FWS-86 (T 1514); FWS-65 (T 516); FWS-66 (T 1101); FWS-215 (T 906); FWS-85 (T 644); FWS-139 (T 357); FWS-182 (T 1627); FWS-142 (T 1826); FWS-138 (T 2071); FWS-03 (T 2251, 2254); FWS-198 (T 1017); FWS-54 (T 770-771); FWS-109 (T 2383, 2431); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2580, 2586); FWS-71 (T 2830, 2854, 2860); FWS-73 (T 3266, 3391); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3794); FWS-69 (T 4111-4116, 4185); FWS-172 (T 4564-4565, 4636).
910 - FWS-66 (T 1101); FWS-111 (T 1255); FWS-215 (T 906); FWS-182 (T 1638); FWS-162 (T 1399-1400); FWS-54 (T 769); FWS-71 (T 2868).
911 - FWS-86 (T 1513); FWS-54 (T 759, 811-813); FWS-66 (T 1103-1104); FWS-111 (T 1256); FWS-215 (T 906-907); FWS-85 (T 644); FWS-198 (T 1020); FWS-109 (T 2394); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2583); FWS-71 (T 2830); FWS-73 (T 3268); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3487); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3803); FWS-69 (T 4124); FWS-172 (T 4561); FWS-137 (T 4750, 4758); Muhamed Lisica (T 4941, 4946-4948).
912 - FWS-86 (T 1513); FWS-66 (T 1100-1104); FWS-111 (T 1256); FWS-215 (T 908); FWS-139 (T 357, 366); FWS-138 (T 2078); FWS-142 (T 1830); FWS-54 (T 767); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2582); FWS-71 (T 2866); FWS-73 (T 3272).
913 - FWS-66 (T 1108); FWS-111 (1242); FWS-85 (T 645); FWS-119 (T 1965); FWS-138 (T 2085); FWS-03 (T 2252); FWS-54 (T 766); FWS-109 (T 2385); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2579); FWS-71 (T 2830); FWS-73 (T 3398- 3399); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3505); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3800-3801); Muhamed Lisica (T 4957).
914 - FWS-215 (T 908); FWS-111 (T 1237-1238); FWS-82 (T 1511); FWS-65 (T 516); FWS-54 (T 767); FWS-162 (T 1386-1388); FWS-85 (T 646); FWS-139 (T 358); FWS-182 (T 1630); FWS-142 (T 1824-1825); FWS-119 (T 1953); FWS-138 (T 2070); FWS-104 (T 2176); FWS-03 (T 2251-2252); FWS-109 (T 2379-2380); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2580); FWS-71 (T 2829-2830, 2853-2855); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3479, 3487); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3792-3793); FWS-69 (T 4116); FWS-172 (T 4559-4561, 4564-4566, 4636); FWS-250 (T 5048-5049).
915 - FWS-54 (T 759); FWS-66 (T 1108); FWS-111 (T 1257); FWS-119 (T 1967).
916 - FWS-111 (T 1240); FWS-66 (T 1100-1108); FWS-162 (T 1386-1388); FWS-198 (T 1011); FWS-215 (T 908-909); FWS-119 (T 1964); FWS-142 (T 1824-1825); FWS-138 (T 2081); FWS-104 (T 2178); FWS-54 (T 772); FWS-109 (T 2383, 2431); FWS-171 (T 2830, 2832, 2861); FWS-73 (T 3267); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3507-3508); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3787-3789); FWS-69 (T 4117); FWS-172 (T 4559-4561).
917 - FWS-111 (T 1240); FWS-66 (T 1100-1108); FWS-119 (T 1964); FWS-138 (T 2081); FWS-54 (T 772); FWS-109 (T 2383, 2431, 2861); FWS-73 (T 3267); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3508); FWS-69 (T 4117).
918 - FWS-111 (T 1240); FWS-66 (T 1100-1108); FWS-119 (T 1964); FWS-138 (T 2081); FWS-54 (T 772); FWS-109 (T 2383, 2431); FWS-71 (T 2832); FWS-73 (T 3267); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3507-3508); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3789); FWS-69 (T 4117).
919 - FWS-111 (T 1258); FWS-139 (T 367); FWS-54 (T 767,769); FWS-109 (T 2862); FWS-73 (T 3272); FWS-172 (T 4560-4561); FWS-137 (T 4750, 4759).
920 - FWS-65 (T 494); FWS-66 (T 1109); FWS-111 (T 1258); FWS-215 (T 911-912); FWS-85 (T 646); FWS-139 (T 367); FWS-144 (T 2306-2308); FWS-119 (T 1957); FWS-73 (T 3276).
921 - FWS-86 (T 1514); FWS-54 (T 759,773); FWS-111 (T 1258); FWS-215 (T 912); FWS-182 (T 1629); FWS-138 (T 2146); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2664); FWS-71 (T 2868); FWS-73 (T 3272-3273); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3805, 4019); FWS-69 (T 4124); FWS-137 (T 4762).
922 - FWS-66 (T 1109-1110); FWS-111 (T 1258-1259); FWS-139 (T 367); FWS-54 (T 773); FWS-71 (T 2866); FWS-73 (T 3260); FWS-137 (T 4802).
923 - FWS-66 (T 1101); FWS-111 (T 1242-1243); FWS-86 (T 1557); FWS-65 (T 516); FWS-54 (T 759, 765); FWS-66 (T 1100); FWS-162 (T 1401); FWS-215 (T 912); FWS-139 (T 357); FWS-182 (T 1685); FWS-03 (T 2252); FWS-119 (T 1961); FWS-198 (T 1017); FWS-109 (T 2379); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2578); FWS-71 (T 2830); FWS-73 (T 3275-3276); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3509); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3802, 3810); FWS-69 (T 4123); FWS-172 (T 4560-4561); FWS-137 (T 4797-4799); Muhamed Lisica (T 4947, 4967).
924 - FWS-66 (T 1097-1098); FWS-111 (T 1241-1242); FWS-86 (T 1518, 1526-1527); FWS-215 (T 912-913); FWS-85 (T 638-639, 647, 649); FWS-139 (T 357); FWS-182 (T 1616); FWS-03 (T 2252-2253); FWS-119 (T 1961); FWS-54 (T 767); FWS-109 (T 2395); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2581); FWS-71 (T 2862, 2866); FWS-73 (T 3270, 3275-3276); FWS-69 (T 4123); FWS-172 (T 4560-4561).
925 - FWS-54 (T 758-766); FWS-71 (T 2854-2855); FWS-69 (T 4111).
926 - FWS-54 (T 758-766); FWS-71 (T 2839-2840); FWS-69 (T 4111); FWS-66 (T 1096, 1137); FWS-85 (T 659); FWS-139 (T 404-406); FWS-182 (T 1652); FWS-138 (T 2116-2117); FWS-104 (T 2179); FWS-109 (T 2362); RJ (T 3881, 3888).
927 - Ex P 55/1.
928 - The Prosecution claimed that the certificate was requested by the victim’s wife for the purpose of establishing the death of her husband. The Prosecution could not explain the basis for the finding made in the certificate but suggested that the certificate was formulated in such a way to console Mrs Hod`ic. They referred the Trial Chamber to the decision of the Cantonal Court in Sarajevo, dated 3 June 1998, which found that Nail Hod`ic was killed on 26 June 1992 in the KP Dom. That decision was based on eyewitness accounts, among them the account of FWS-182 and as such the Prosecution said that evidence should be accepted by the Trial Chamber (T 8281-8282).
929 - FWS-66 (T 1107); FWS-86 (T 1516-1517); Safet Avdic (T 516); FWS-215 (T 905); FWS-119 (T 1961); FWS-54 (T 766-767); FWS-109 (T 2394); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2582); FWS-71 (T 2833-2836); FWS-73 (T 3267, 3396); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3503); FWS-172 (T 4560); FWS-137 (T 4750, 4756, 4802); Muhamed Lisica (T 4960- 4961); FWS-69 (T 4118); FWS-250 (T 5078). The Trial Chamber has not taken his death into account.
930 - Amor Masovic (T 4282).
931 - FWS-111 (T 1256-1257).
932 - FWS-69 (T 4085-4086).
933 - FWS-215 (T 908).
934 - FWS-111 (T 1233); FWS-250 (T 5026-5031, 5099); FWS-66 (T 1106-1107); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3499); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3812-3813).
935 - See pars 328-329, supra.
936 - See pars 308-313, supra regarding the Accused’s knowledge of beatings.
937 - RJ (T 3867-3871).
938 - RJ (T 3871-3876).
939 - RJ (T 3871-3874); FWS-139 (T 391-392); FWS-54 (T 771); FWS-69 (T 4114-4115).
940 - The Accused (T 7678, 8114-8115).
941 - The Trial Chamber is unable to establish the exact date upon which Halim Konjo died.
942 - Muhamed Lisica gave evidence that he heard the interrogation and beating of Halim Konjo. This occurred right at the beginning when the camp was just established and the boss there was still Slavko Koroman. His evidence was that the beating could have occurred on a Friday or a Saturday. On the Sunday he went out to work with Slavko who told him that Konjo had suffered a stroke and died. The doctors had established that he would have died regardless of the beating. He was working at the hospital, building something to do with the morgue and was told by a guard that Konjo was lying in the morgue and that he had died from a heart attack and not the beating. He went to the morgue and saw the body for himself. He did not look closely to try and identify the body any further (T 4959-4960). The Trial Chamber is not satisfied that this evidence takes the issue any further.
943 - T 7678, 8114-8115.
944 - The Accused (T 7678). The Accused has been found not responsible for that suicide; See par 342, supra.
945 - Prosecution Pre-Trial Brief, par 49.
946 - See par 107, supra.
947 - Delalic Appeal Judgment, pars 229-241.
948 - Indictment, Count 18.
949 - Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 539.
950 - Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 540.
951 - See par 52, supra.
952 - The two preliminary requirements for the application of Article 3 are met: See par 61, supra
953 - The Statutes of the ICTY (Article 5(c)) and the ICTR (Article 3(c)) give to the Tribunals jurisdiction in relation to enslavement as a crime against humanity.
954 - In the light of this finding, it is unnecessary to decide whether the 1926 Slavery Convention, as treaty law, can serve as a basis for a slavery charge under Article 3. There are also no binding agreements between the relevant parties purporting to vary the customary international law on slavery for the purposes of this case.
955 - See Kunarac Judgment, pars 515-543. The time relevant to the charges in the Kunarac proceedings – July 1992 to February 1993 – are included in the time relevant to the charges in the present case – May 1992 to August 1993.
956 - Sandoz et al (eds), Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 (1987), p 1376 (emphasis added). Article 1 of the Slavery Convention provides in relevant part: “(1) Slavery is the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised. (2) […].” Yugoslavia ratified the Slavery Convention on 28 Sept 1929.
957 - In the Akayesu case it was held that: “Whilst the Chamber is very much of the same view as pertains to Additional Protocol II as a whole, it should be recalled that the relevant Article in the context of the ICTR is Article 4(2) (Fundamental Guarantees) of Additional Protocol II [footnote 158: Save for [Article] 4(2)(f) slavery and the slave trade in all their forms]. All of the guarantees, as enumerated in Article 4 reaffirm and supplement Common Article 3 and, as discussed above, Common Article 3 being customary in nature, the Chamber is of the opinion that these guarantees did also at the time of the events alleged in the Indictment form part of existing international customary law.” (Akayesu Trial Judgment, par 610 (emphasis added)). The Trial Chamber in the Rutaganda case, with reference to the Akayesu Trial Judgment, confirmed that “although not all of Additional Protocol II could be said to be customary law, the guarantees contained in Article 4(2) (Fundamental Guarantees) thereof […] form part of existing international law.” (Rutaganda Trial Judgment, par 87 (also confirmed in the Musema Trial Judgment, par 240)). Article 4 of the ICTR Statute provides for the Prosecution of serious violations of common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol II. The non-exhaustive, enumerated list of violations repeats Art 4(2) of Additional Protocol II almost verbatim but excludes slavery. The ICTY Appeals Chamber has held that certain customary rules have developed to govern internal armed conflicts, including rules with respect to the protection of all those who do not or no longer take active part in hostilities (Tadic Jurisdiction Decision, par 127). In particular, many provisions of Additional Protocol II “can now be regarded as declaratory of existing rules, as having crystallised emerging rules of customary law or else as having been strongly instrumental in their evolution as general principles.” (ibid, par 117).
958 - Tadic Jurisdiction Decision, par 134; Delalic Appeal Judgment, pars 160, 164, 171, 174.
959 - Article 6(1) of Additional Protocol II applies to “the Prosecution and punishment of criminal offences related to the armed conflict.” Thus, although the Protocol does not obligate states to criminalise violations – unlike certain provisions of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol I – the Protocol regards certain violations of its provisions as criminal offences and entitles states to prosecute and punish such criminal offences in accordance with Article 6.
960 - Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 523.
961 - Indictment, pars 5.41-5.46 and counts 16 and 18. Schedule E to the Indictment (attached to the second amended indictment, but incorporated by reference to the third amended indictment) lists 60 KP Dom detainees who were allegedly forced to work.
962 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, par 562.
963 - Indictment, par 5.41. The sub-heading of that Schedule is “Detainees who were forced to work”.
964 - Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 542.
965 - Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 542.
966 - Involuntariness is the fundamental definitional feature of “forced or compulsory labour” of the ICCPR (Bossuyt, Guide to the “Travaux Préparatoires” of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1987), p 167). Article 8 of the ICCPR prohibits, inter alia, slavery, servitude and forced or compulsory labour.
967 - Kunarac Trial Judgment, pars 542-543.
968 - Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 542.
969 - The Trial Chamber considers that, with respect to the matter of forced labour, reference must be made to Additional Protocol II for the relevant principles and rules applying to non-international armed conflicts, instead of to the Geneva Conventions and customary international law relating to international armed conflicts. Furthermore, in the absence of any indication that the customary law, if any, with respect to labour exacted from protected persons in conflicts as defined in Additional Protocol II differs from the provisions relating to labour of the Protocol, the Trial Chamber considers the Protocol’s provisions as laying down the applicable standards.
970 - Certain provisions of, for example, Geneva Convention IV also stipulate that certain categories of persons may be made to work under certain conditions (Geneva Convention IV, Articles 95, 40, 51).
971 - See par 352, supra.
972 - The Accused (T 7915); Bozo Drakul (T 7161, 7178).
973 - The Accused (T 7911).
974 - Bozo Drakul (T 7202).
975 - Bozo Drakul (T 7202-7203). However, from 1 January to 15 September 1992, the KP Dom received only ten percent of its regular state budget: Bozo Drakul (T 7203-7204); Ex P 84.
976 - Bozo Drakul (T 7236-7237). The DEU, for example, continued to invoice the KP Dom for eggs and milk delivered to it (Exs D 101 and 101A, 102 and 102A, 103 and 103A, 104 and 104A) but the money was never collected because the KP Dom had insufficient funds: Bozo Drakul (T 7237). The DEU also paid wages into personal accounts of KP Dom convicts who worked in the DEU: Bozo Drakul (T 7237, 7266). During the war, only the remaining Serb convicts who worked in the DEU were paid in some form: Bozo Drakul (T 7237, 7266-7267, 7281-7283, 7342).
977 - Bozo Drakul (T 7161-7162); Radomir Dolas (T 5812-5814).
978 - The Accused (T 7915, 7922).
979 - The Accused (T 7910); Ex P 46A, p 14.
980 - The Accused (T 7911, 7826-7827).
981 - The Accused (T 7911, 7827). He asked for a head of the varnishing shop and an upholsterer.
982 - The Accused (T 7692, 7914-7915). See also Ex P 46A, p 14.
983 - The Accused (T 7912). Attending the meeting were, amongst others, the heads of the furniture factory, the metal and mechanical workshop, the farm, the commercial department and the accountant. Savo Todovic did not attend.
984 - The Accused (T 7692, 7912); Ex P 46A, pp 14, 18.
985 - The Accused (T 7692).
986 - The Accused (T 7692, 7913-7914); Ex P 46A, p 14.
987 - Based on a rough calculation of the number of different detainees who worked whilst being detained in the KP Dom. See also Dzevad Lojo (T 674-676, 680); Muhamed Lisica (T 4860); Risto Ivanovic (T 6099).
988 - FWS-66 (T 1144 ff, 1153); Dzevad Lojo (T 672); FWS-249 (T 4500 ff); FWS-73 (T 3222 ff); Risto Ivanovic (T 6146-6147). The work duties were not approved by Savo Todovic for all detainees (T 6161-6143). There was a rehabilitation officer for a while, Aleksander Cecevic, who was in charge (T 6142) (evidence of Risto Ivanovic); FWS-198 (T 984). One Prosecution witness, Muhamed Lisica, testified that the Accused approved the lists (T 4910-4913); Divljan Lazar, the warehouse clerk, never addressed Todovic but always the guard on duty when he needed detainees to work for him (T 6056).
989 - The Accused (T 7829). Pavlovic may have received his assignment-to-work order around May 1992 (T 6890).
990 - Dzevad Lojo (work started very soon after 19 April 1992) (T 673).
991 - The Accused (T 7692); Ex P 46A, pp 14, 17; Ex 50A, p16.
992 - Ex P 50A, p 16.
993 - Indictment, par 5.41; See also The Accused’s Position as Warden, par 96ff, supra.
994 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4972-4977); FWS-249 (T 4480-4482); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3490-3491, 3615); The Accused (T 7917-7918).
995 - Lisica is also the only witness who claimed that Goljanin said something to the effect that he would have to go and see the Accused and the command about the matter. There is no evidence that Goljanin actually did so. According to FWS-249 and Zekovic’s testimony, Todovic helped in preparing a list.
996 - Indictment, par 5.42.
997 - FWS-198 (T 984); Muhamed Lisica (T 4865, 4867); FWS-249 (T 4419-4420); The Accused (T 7696).
998 - FWS-250 (T 5058).
999 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4865, 4868-4869); FWS-249 (T 4420-4421).
1000 - For example, Risto Ivanovic (T 6143-6144); Muhamed Lisica (T 4865); FWS-249 (T 4418-4419); FWS- 144 (T 2321-2322).
1001 - Indictment, par 5.42.
1002 - The Accused (T 7696-7698); FWS-198 (T 985); FWS-89 (T 4707); Risto Ivanovic (T 6099). According to the Accused (T 7698) and Bozo Drakul (T 7281, 7283), the KP Dom did not have to pay for the work done by the Muslim detainees as they were under military jurisdiction.
1003 - The Accused (T 7698).
1004 - See findings with respect to the specific work done by the detainees.
1005 - Initially he was sent to solitary confinement for twenty days, but after three or four days he was released and started working again (T 4880).
1006 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4880-4881).
1007 - FWS-198 made a reference to Muhamed Lisica ending up in solitary confinement for refusing to work. He used that alleged incident to explain his testimony why one could not refuse to work, citing the fear for solitary confinement. However, FWS-189’s testimony throws no light on when this alleged incident might have taken place (T 984-985).
1008 - FWS-73 (T 3224).
1009 - FWS-73 (T 3224).
1010 - FWS-198 (T 983-984).
1011 - FWS-71 (T 2912-2913).
1012 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, par 177.
1013 - FWS-249 (T 4523).
1014 - FWS-144 (T 2316, 2335).
1015 - Rasim Taranin (T 1701-1702).
1016 - Dzevad Lojo (T 680-681).
1017 - Dzevad Lojo (T 681).
1018 - Safet Avdic (T 474-475).
1019 - Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, p 689).
1020 - FWS-182 (T 1647).
1021 - FWS-249 (T 4431-4433).
1022 - FWS-249 (T 4433).
1023 - See par 153, supra.
1024 - FWS-142 (T 1831-1832).
1025 - Indictment, par 5.43.
1026 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, par 160, fn 521.
1027 - A number of detainees did such tasks: FWS-65 swept the canteen and carried firewood from the cauldron to the kitchen. There is no indication that he was forced to do it (T 471); Rasim Taranin worked in the kitchen for about 10 months (T 1712); FWS-182 cleaned the kitchen and later cleaned the compound (T 1647).; FWS-73 worked on and off in the kitchen for a few months (T 3322-3223); FWS-89 worked in the heating room (T 4660); Muhamed Lisica cleaned chimneys (T 4906-4907); FWS-77 worked in the kitchen: FWS-249 (T 4450); Mujo Dudic worked mainly as a cleaner in the administrative building: FWS-249 (T 4453); Muhamed Lisica (T 4916); FWS-198 (T 1019); Taib Reko worked in the compound: FWS-249 (T 4457, 4459); Ekrem Zekovic sealed off an area where a door had been broken (T 3449); FWS-86 cleaned carpets (T 1486); FWS-54 distributed food in the kitchen (T 746-747); FWS-142 did some work around the compound (T 1831).; FWS-71 cleaned rooms (T 2896, 2973-2974); Safet Avdic cleaned the dining area and prepared firewood for the kitchen: P 123, (T 689); FWS-250 did cleaning jobs in the kitchen (T 5056); Krsto Krnojelac, a cook, supervised the detainees in the kitchen (T 5939-5940).
1028 - The only detainee who is alleged to have worked solely in the kitchen, distributing food for three days: FWS-54 (T 746).
1029 - Indictment, par 5.43.
1030 - Dzevad Lojo (T 676); Miladin Matovic testified that the Muslim detainees started working there around perhaps mid-June 1992 (T 6432).
1031 - Dzevad Lojo (T 672); FWS-86 (T 1487); Risto Ivanovic (T 6099); Miladin Matovic (T 6433); The Accused (T 7693).
1032 - FWS-198 (T 976); FWS-66 (T 1123-1125).
1033 - The evidence is only that he “worked”: FWS-249 (T 4451); He worked in the carpentry shop: Muhamed Lisica (T 4915).
1034 - Miladin Matovic (T 6433-6434).
1035 - Dzevad Lojo (T 676, 678); FWS-198 (T 976, 987-979).
1036 - FWS-198 (T 978-979); Miladin Matovic (T 6434).
1037 - Miladin Matovic (T 6432-6433, 6437). He established and was in charge of the fire protection unit in the furniture factory and he also guarded detained Muslims and convicted Serbs working at the furniture factory (T 6433).
1038 - Bozo Drakul (T 7278-7279).
1039 - Dzevad Lojo (T 672-673). He worked there for about a year: Dzevad Lojo (T 672).
1040 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3443). It lasted until mid-December 1993.
1041 - FWS-71 (T 2896).
1042 - FWS-71 (T 2896). He testified that all the work that he did in those years was forced, and that he would never have volunteered to work (T 2896).
1043 - FWS-215 (T 878-879).
1044 - FWS-66 (T 1123-1125).
1045 - FWS-198 (T 976).
1046 - FWS-198 (T 976).
1047 - FWS-198 (T 984-985).
1048 - FWS-198 (T 984-985).
1049 - See par 375, supra.
1050 - Indictment, par 5.43.
1051 - Dzevad Lojo (T 676).
1052 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3443); FWS-144 (T 2314-2315); FWS-78 (Ex P 161, p 2122); Muhamed Lisica (T 4870-4871); Muhamed Lisica (T 4862, 4873-4874).
1053 - Dzevad Lojo (T 673); Rasim Taranin (T 1727); FWS-144 (T 2314, 2331); FWS-249 (T 4423, 4425, 4426, 4433); Ex P 161; Muhamed Lisica (T 4874, 4898).
1054 - FWS-249 (T 4423, 4425, 4426, 4433); Ex P 46A, p 19.
1055 - Dzevad Lojo (T 673-674); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3448-3449); FWS-144 (T 2314); Muhamed Lisica (T 4865).
1056 - FWS-249 (T 4420, 4430); FWS-144 (T 2314); Muhamed Lisica (T 4865, 4876-4877, 4896, 4903-4905, 4972).
1057 - Bozo Drakul (T 7278-7279).
1058 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4859); FWS-249 testified that there was a permanent group of metal workers working in the metal workshop consisting of about ten to twelve people, and a changing group, varying in numbers depending on the work required (T 4415-4416); FWS-86 (T 1487); Risto Ivanovic (T 6099); The Accused (T 7693).
1059 - FWS-249 (T 4411, 4414, 4417, 4423); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3443); FWS-78 (Ex P 181, p 2116); Rasim Taranin (T 1727).
1060 - The Accused (T 7915); FWS-249 (T 4414); Ex P 161, p 2116; FWS-78 (Ex P 161, p 2116); Muhamed Lisica (T 4820).
1061 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3443); Muhamed Lisica (T 4861, 4871); FWS-249 (T 4421); Milosav Krsmanovic (T 6686); FWS-78 (Ex P 161, T 2120); The Accused (T 7915).
1062 - FWS-249 (T 4423); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3654).
1063 - FWS-249 (T 4433-4434); Muhamed Lisica was also guarded by the military police once when working at the hotel Zelengora (T 4862, 4873).
1064 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3652-3653, 3671).
1065 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4860-4861); FWS-249 (T 4430); Rasim Taranin (T 1728).
1066 - FWS-249 (T 4430).
1067 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3444-3446); Muhamed Lisica (T 4872).
1068 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3444-3446).
1069 - Rasim Taranin (T 1710, 1712, 1727).
1070 - Rasim Taranin (T 1727).
1071 - Rasim Taranin (T 1728).
1072 - Rasim Taranin (T 1728).
1073 - FWS-249 (T 4411, 4414). He also worked in Miljevina for three or four times, staying there for ten to twenty days, sometimes a month or even more, but it is unclear who authorised or requested him to work there. Whilst there, he worked under the supervision of the local military commander: FWS-249 (T 4434-4439).
1074 - FWS-249 (T 4430).
1075 - FWS-249 (T 4430-4433).
1076 - FWS-249 (T 4414).
1077 - FWS-249 (T 4414).
1078 - FWS-249 (T 4523).
1079 - See par 376, supra.
1080 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3443).
1081 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3496).
1082 - FWS-144 (T 2311).
1083 - FWS-144 (T 2311-2312). The only evidence with respect to his hunger whilst in the KP Dom, is his answer in response to a question whether he suffered physically – he said he was starved and famished: FWS-144 (T 2326-2327).
1084 - FWS-144 (T 2316, 2335).
1085 - See par 376, supra.
1086 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4833,4854, 4864).
1087 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4860-4863).
1088 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4862-4863).
1089 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4913-4914).
1090 - The incident leading to him being sent to solitary confinement (T 4880-4881) is addressed at par 375, supra.
1091 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4915, 4930). This may be E 10.
1092 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4917).
1093 - FWS-249 (T 4453-4454).
1094 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4919). They may be E 42 and/or E43.
1095 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4918); FWS-249 (T 4415, 4454-4455); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3490-3491).
1096 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4918); FWS-249 (T 4415, 4455); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3615). He may be E 31.
1097 - FWS-249 (T 4415, 4427, 4431); Rasim Taranin (T 1727); Milosav Krsmanovic (T 6688); FWS-249 gave evidence that at some point in 1994, and thus after the Accused’s administration, Sefko Kubat had an operation on a stomach ulcer. Todovic told not to take long recuperate so that he could return to work (T 4423).
1098 - FWS-249 (T 4423).
1099 - FWS-249 (T 4456).
1100 - FWS-78 (T 2117-2118).
1101 - FWS-78 (Ex P 161, p 2172).
1102 - Indictment, par 5.44.
1103 - Dzevad Lojo (T 676).
1104 - FWS-66 (T 1125); FWS-73 (T 3223); FWS-89 (T 4671-4672); FWS-249 (T 4433); FWS-71 (T 2896); Muhamed Lisica (T 4896); The Accused testified that about twelve to fifteen Muslim detainees worked on the farm from time to time (T 7693).
1105 - Ex P 46A, p 16, Ex D 85, Ex D85A.
1106 - FWS-89 (T 4672).
1107 - FWS-66 (T 1125); FWS-73 (T 3223); FWS-89 (T 4671); FWS-89 (T 4672). There is some evidence that the eggs, milk, meat and other food from the farm went to not only the KP Dom, but also to the people then living in Foca: FWS-89 (T 4673); Zoran Mijovic (T 6236); Milosav Krsmanovic (T 6623).
1108 - See findings with respect to these tasks at pars 416-417, infra.
1109 - Zoran Mijovic (T 6222); The Accused (T 7694, 7921).
1110 - The Accused (T 7693).
1111 - Bozo Drakul (T 7278-7279).
1112 - P 3, person no 77.
1113 - P 3, person no 39.
1114 - FWS-89 (T 4675-4676).
1115 - FWS-89 (T 4676-4677).
1116 - FWS-89 (T 4679).
1117 - FWS-89 (T 4679-4680).
1118 - FWS-89 (T 4707).
1119 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4897).
1120 - Zoran Mijovic (T 6222, 6237, 6239).
1121 - FWS-89 (T 4706-4707). None of the witnesses who worked on the farm as KP Dom detainees gave evidence to corroborate the testimony of Zoran Mijovic (T 6279-6280) that, since the farm was fairly big and difficult to secure, the Serb convicts and KP Dom detainees working there may have been able to play truant and drink at night.
1122 - FWS-66 (T 1125).
1123 - See par 394, supra.
1124 - FWS-89 (T 4671-4672). He returned to working on the farm in the spring of 1994 (T 4672).
1125 - See par 389, supra.
1126 - FWS-249 (T 4433).
1127 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4916).
1128 - FWS-198 appears to have worked on the farm only during 1994, or at the earliest from about October 1993, after the Accused has left the KP Dom: FWS-198 (T 982, 1027-1028). See finding with respect to the incident when FWS-73 was allegedly kicked to work (T 3224, 3354) at par 375, supra. It is unclear when FWS-71 worked on the farm. He testified that he had to do different kinds of work irregularly during 1992 and permanently in 1993, without any further specification: FWS-71 (T 2896).
1129 - Indictment, par 5.44.
1130 - FWS-86 is the only witness who testified that during his time in the KP Dom – mid-April till the end of August 1992 – one of the occasional jobs was performed in a sawmill in Brod: FWS-86 (T 1487). He was not a member of such a group.
1131 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, par 168.
1132 - Indictment, par 5.44.
1133 - Only the Accused (T 7694) and Bozo Drakul (T 7264, 7285) respectively referred to Muslim detainees cleaning an area around the old school in town and cleaning up the rubble in town.
1134 - Indictment, par 5.44.
1135 - FWS-144 (T 2319).
1136 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3446); Muhamed Lisica (T 4881-4882); Dzevad Lojo (T 677-678); FWS-250 (T 5056, 5065); Slavica Krnojelac (T 7501); The Accused (T 8056).
1137 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4881-4882).
1138 - FWS-250 (T 5056-5057); FWS-144 (T 2319).
1139 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3446); FWS-144 (T 2317); Muhamed Lisica (T 4882-4883); FWS-250 (T 5056-5057, 5118); Miladin Matovic (T 6461-6462, 6569); Witness B (T 6736-6737).
1140 - Miladin Matovic (T 6462, 6569-6571); Milosav Krsmanovic (T 6693); Witness B (T 6716-6717); The Accused (T 8055).
1141 - Miladin Matovic (T 6461-6462); FWS-144 (T 2318); Muhamed Lisica (T 4882); FWS-250 (T 5058-5059).
1142 - Dzevad Lojo (T 677); Slavica Krnojelac (T 7501, 7523-7524); The Accused (T 7698-7699); The Accused (T 7700).
1143 - Milosav Krsmanovic (T 6628).
1144 - Milosav Krsmanovic (T 6628, 6694).
1145 - Milosav Krsmanovic (T 6691, 6693). The roof tiles, a gift, were taken from Maglic to the KP Dom and then on to the Accused’s house; the wood from Maglic, which was also a present, was taken directly to his house: The Accused (T 8046, 8054).
1146 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3446); FWS-144 (T 2318); Muhamed Lisica (T 4882).
1147 - FWS-144 (T 2317-2318).
1148 - FWS-250 (T 5058).
1149 - Slavica Krnojelac (T 7524); Miladin Matovic (T 6462); Witness B (T 6732). According to Ekrem Zekovic, a son may have passed by (T 3447).
1150 - FWS-144 (T 2318); Witness B (T 6732); The 30 to 35 year old son of the Accused guarded them: FWS-250 (T 5058-5059, 5064-5065); Miladin Matovic (T 6462, 6569-6571); Milosav Krsmanovic (T 6693-6694).
1151 - FWS-250 (T 5064-5065); FWS-144 (T 2319); Witness B (T 6732).
1152 - FWS-144 (T 2319); Witness B (T 6732).
1153 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3446-3447); Miladin Matovic (T 6462, 6569-6571); Milosav Krsmanovic (T 6693-6694).
1154 - FWS-144 (T 2319).
1155 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4885); FWS-144 (T 2319); Once according to Ekrem Zekovic (T 3446-3447); FWS-250 (T 5059-5060); Twice according to his own account: The Accused (T 8057-8058).
1156 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3447).
1157 - FWS-144 (T 2319).
1158 - FWS-250 (T 5059-5060).
1159 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4883-4884).
1160 - FWS-144 (T 2319); Muhamed Lisica (T 4886); FWS-250 (T 5059); Slavica Krnojelac (T 7501, 7524); Witness B (T 6738); Miladin Matovic (T 6461-6462); Milosav Krsmanovic (T 6629); Witness B (T 6717-6718, 6738-6739).
1161 - Witness B (T 6717-6718, 6738-6739).
1162 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4886).
1163 - Miladin Matovic (T 6461-6462); Milosav Krsmanovic (T 6629); The Accused (T 8061).
1164 - Slavica Krnojelac (T 7524-7525); Witness B (T 6738).
1165 - Slavica Krnojelac (T 7524-7525).
1166 - Slavica Krnojelac (T 7501, 7524); Witness B (T 6738); The Accused (T 8061-8062).
1167 - The Accused (T 7699, 7965-7967, 8052).
1168 - The Accused (T 8052).
1169 - The Accused (T 7699, 7965).
1170 - The Accused (T 7699, 8055-8056); Ex P 46A, pp 20-21).
1171 - Slavica Krnojelac (T 7501).
1172 - Miladin Matovic (T 6462, 6569).
1173 - Risto Ivanovic, although he testified that the work done on the Accused’s house was approved by the executive committee of Fo~a, could not give any explanation as to how he came to know that (T 6148). He also could not explain why in this instance the executive committee granted approval and Savo Todovic signed the permit approving this work by the detainees, when usually, as he claimed, it was the military command that approved the use of detainees outside the KP Dom, other than saying that for him that those two authorities co-operated in granting war assignments (T 6150). His testimony, at least with respect to this matter, is not credible.
1174 - Witness B (T 6715-6716).
1175 - Slavica Krnojelac (T 7525-7526); Bozo Drakul (T 7286-7287); The Accused (T 7699-7700, 8046-8049, 8054).
1176 - Bozo Drakul (T 7285-7286); The Accused (T 7699, 8055-8056).
1177 - See par 387, supra.
1178 - See par 388, supra.
1179 - See T 4860-4861; See also par 389, supra.
1180 - See par 375, supra.
1181 - Milosav Krsmanovic (T 6629).
1182 - Indictment, par 5.44.
1183 - He is not listed in Schedule E.
1184 - They were taken to the café by the Accused: FWS-73 (T 3226, 3230).
1185 - The Accused testified that the work involved the straightening and welding of, presumably, the coffee bar counter in the café: The Accused (T 7700); FWS-144 made a metal skeleton for a bar on the ground floor of the house: FWS-144 (T 2317-2318).
1186 - The Accused (T 7700).
1187 - Indictment, par 5.44.
1188 - FWS-73 (T 3227).
1189 - FWS-144 (T 2326).
1190 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4886).
1191 - FWS-144 (T 2326); Muhamed Lisica (T 4886).
1192 - Bozidar Krnojelac (T 7389-7390, 7392).
1193 - Bozidar Krnojelac (T 7390-7391, 7460).
1194 - Bozidar Krnojelac (T 7390-7392, 7461, 7486).
1195 - Bozidar Krnojelac (T 7461).
1196 - He is not listed in Schedule E.
1197 - FWS-73 (T 3226-3227, 3230). The shop used to belong to Saja Sahinpasic: FWS-73 (T 3226-3228).
1198 - FWS-73 (T 3228).
1199 - FWS-73 (T 3231-3232).
1200 - Indictment, par 5.44.
1201 - Rasim Taranin (T 1711-1712).
1202 - A guard took him to join them. He could not refuse: Rasim Taranin (T 1710).
1203 - Rasim Taranin (T 1711).
1204 - Rasim Taranin (T 1710).
1205 - FWS-78 (T 2120).
1206 - FWS-78 (T 2121).
1207 - FWS-78 (T 2121).
1208 - Indictment, par 5.45.
1209 - Dzevad S Lojo (T 2525, 2533).
1210 - Dzevad S Lojo (T 2607).
1211 - Dzevad S Lojo (T 2607). He testified that one of those detainees was “Uzeir Alic, Mehmedalija Lojo from my room.”: Dzevad S Lojo (T 2607). Neither of these names appears in Schedule E.
1212 - Dzevad S Lojo (T 2607-2608).
1213 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4914).
1214 - Formerly FWS-110.
1215 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4914).
1216 - Ex P 46A, p 17.
1217 - Indictment, par 5.45.
1218 - Indictment, par 5.45, detainees E 14 and E 38 respectively.
1219 - FWS-109 (T 2404).
1220 - FWS-109 (T 2406).
1221 - FWS-109 (T 2419-2420).
1222 - FWS-109 (T 2406, 2420); FWS-86 also testified that FWS-109 and Goran Kukavica had to do mine clearing work (T 1496-1497).
1223 - FWS-109 (T 2406-2407). He also maintained and repaired vehicles whilst kept at that police station (T 2407).
1224 - FWS-109 (T 2406-2407).
1225 - FWS-109 (T 2407).
1226 - FWS-109 (T 2408).
1227 - Ex P 46A, p 17.
1228 - Formerly FWS-110.
1229 - Indictment, par 5.45.
1230 - FWS-249 (T 4440-4441).
1231 - FWS-249 (T 4441).
1232 - FWS-249 (T 4441): This may or may not have been Ahmet Zametica, listed in Schedule E.
1233 - The Accused (T 7698).
1234 - Indictment, par 5.41.
1235 - See Kupreskic Appeal Judgment, pars 88, 114.
1236 - After his release, Islambasic told FWS-109 that he did mine clearing work. No indication as to when this might have happened was given: FWS-109 (T 2404); After their release, Islambasic told FWS-182 that he did mine clearing work. No indication as to when this might have happened was given: FWS-182 (T 1647-1648); After his release, Islambasic told FWS-249 that he did minesweeping work during the war. No indication of when this was supposedly done was given: FWS-249 (T 4449-4450); Islambasic told FWS-86 that he did mine clearing work. No indication as to when this might have happened was given: FWS-86 (T 1496-1497).
1237 - FWS-73 (T 3234-3236); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3534-3536). No indication as to when this might have happened was given. FWS-249’s testimony in this regard is equivocal (T 4441-4442).
1238 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3535-3536).
1239 - The Accused (T 7698).
1240 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3535-3536).
1241 - The evidence with respect to Muhamed Alikadic is conflicting, one account being that he did mine clearing work by driving in front of other vehicles: FWS-73 (T 3234-3236) and another being that he was tied to the driver’s seat of a truck and made to drive on a certain road to expose the firing positions of Muslim snipers: FWS-249 (T 4446-4450). No indication as to when this might have happened was given.
1242 - FWS-198 (T 976-978); FWS-66 (T 1123-1125); FWS-73 (T 3223); FWS-249 (T 4450).
1243 - See pars 375, 382, 395, supra.
1244 - FWS-66 (T 1123-1125).
1245 - Reference was made to FWS-77 having been involved in working in the kitchen, at the metal workshop, in the forest, at the farm, cutting grass and in the laundry: FWS-249 (T 4450); Rasim Taranin (T 1727).
1246 - FWS-66 (T 1125); FWS-89 (T 4679-4680, 4706-4707); Muhamed Lisica (T 4920).
1247 - See also findings with respect to allegation that detainees were forced to do work on the front lines par 412, supra.
1248 - FWS-198 (T 985).
1249 - See pars 375, 382, 395, supra.
1250 - FWS-198 (T 985).
1251 - FWS-71 (T 2896).
1252 - FWS-73 (T 3223).
1253 - FWS-249 (T 4450, 4455).
1254 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4920).
1255 - FWS-89 (T 4679-4680, 4706-4707).
1256 - Rasim Taranin (T 1701-1702); FWS-86 testified that during his time in KP Dom – mid-April 1992 until the end of August 1992 – one of occasional jobs performed by others was the transfer of flour from the silos in Ustikolina to Perucica and Gornje Polje (T 1487).
1257 - Rasim Taranin (T 1702).
1258 - Rasim Taranin (T 1702).
1259 - FWS-182 (T 1647).
1260 - FWS-71 (T 2896).
1261 - FWS-73 (T 3225).
1262 - FWS-89 (T 4708).
1263 - Slobodan Solaja (T 5514, 5516).
1264 - Slobodan Solaja (T 5516).
1265 - He approached the then president of the executive committee or head of the municipal government, Radojica Mladjenovic, to organise the adaptation: Bo`idar Krnojelac (T 7383-7384).
1266 - Bozidar Krnojelac (T 7383-7384).
1267 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4887, 7457-7458).
1268 - Muhamed Lisica (T 4887-4888).
1269 - Bozidar Krnojelac (T 7456-7457, 7465-7466).
1270 - Slavica Krnojelac (T 7525).
1271 - Lazar Divljan (T 6008).
1272 - Lazar Divljan (T 6056).
1273 - FWS-172 (T 4596-4597).
1274 - FWS-73 (T 3224).
1275 - Prosecution Final Trial Brief, Schedule E.
1276 - Prosecution closing argument (T 8296-8298).
1277 - He was in the working group: FWS-249 (T 4451).
1278 - He “worked” and was a member of the working group: FWS-249 (T 4451-4452).
1279 - He “worked”: FWS-249 (T 4452).
1280 - He “worked”: FWS-249 (T 4453).
1281 - He was a member of the “working group”: FWS-249 (T 4457).
1282 - He was in the “work platoon”: FWS-249 (T 4457).
1283 - FWS-249 thought that Izet “Zibac” Causevic was one of more people who “were pulled out to do odd jobs […]” (T 4452). Muhamed Lisica also testified that Izet “Zibac” Causevic “worked”, that he was a jack of all trades without a specific job (T 4916).
1284 - FWS-249 thought that Enver Cemo “was known to go out to work as well.” (T 4452-4453). Muhamed Lisica also testified that Enver Cemo worked, that he was a jack of all trades, that he “worked at the farm and in the compound, different things.” (T 4916).
1285 - He “also worked a bit around the compound”: Muhamed Lisica (T 4916).
1286 - A Hosic Asam, which may or may not be Asim Hadzic, was told to go and work in the mine: FWS-198 (T 976); thus after the Accused’s administration.
1287 - Asim Gogalija may have been one of two Gogalijas in the KP Dom, one of whom worked at the furniture factory: Muhamed Lisica (T 4916-4917).
1288 - See pars 60-64, supra.
1289 - The elements of the actus reus and the mens rea set out in this paragraph and the gravity test set out in par 434, infra, represent a consolidation of the requirements set out in Tadic Trial Judgment, par 715; Kupreskic Trial Judgment, par 621; Kordic and Cerkez Trial Judgment, pars 189, 195.
1290 - In addition, the accused must have the requisite mens rea for crimes against humanity, set out in par 436, infra. With respect to the requirement of intent to discriminate on one of the listed grounds, see Kordic and Cerkez Trial Judgment, par 211; See also Tadic Appeal Judgment, par 305, which found discriminatory intent to be an indispensable ingredient of persecution. Although the Statute refers to the listed grounds in the conjunctive, it is settled in the jurisprudence of the Tribunal that the presence of discriminatory intent on any one of these grounds is sufficient to fulfil the mens rea requirement for persecution: see Tadic Trial Judgment, par 713.
1291 - The Tadic Trial Judgment requires “the occurrence of a persecutory act or omission and a discriminatory basis for that act or omission on one of the listed grounds” (emphasis added), par 715; the Kupreskic Trial Judgment requires that the act of persecution be done “on discriminatory grounds”, par 621, as distinct from the requirement of discriminatory intent detailed later in that judgment, par 633; the Kordic and Cerkez Trial Judgment requires the occurrence of a “discriminatory act or omission” (emphasis added), par 189, and expressly incorporates the requirement “on discriminatory grounds” into the actus reus of the offence, par 203.
1292 - “[I]f a person was targeted for abuse because she was suspected of belonging to the Muslim group, the discrimination element is met even if the suspicion proves inaccurate”, par 195. The existence of a mistaken belief that the intended victim will be discriminated against, together with an intention to discriminate against that person because of that mistaken belief, may in some circumstances amount to the inchoate offence of attempted persecution, but no such crime falls within the jurisdiction of this Tribunal.
1293 - The crime of persecution, the only crime in the Statute which must be committed on discriminatory grounds (see Tadic Appeal Judgment, par 305), has as its object the protection of members of political, racial and religious groups from discrimination on the basis of belonging to one of these groups. If a Serb deliberately murders someone on the basis that he is Muslim, it is clear that the object of the crime of persecution in that instance is to provide protection from such discriminatory acts to members of the Muslim religious group. If it turns out that the victim is not Muslim, to argue that this act amounts nonetheless to persecution if done with a discriminatory intent needlessly extends the protection afforded by that crime to a person who is not a member of the listed group requiring protection in that instance (Muslims).
1294 - The argument in the Kvocka Trial Judgment at par 197 that “discriminatory grounds form the requisite criteria, not membership in a particular group” would appear to deny the interests protected by the crime. Even the relevant discriminatory intent necessarily assumes that the victim is a member of a political, racial or religious group.
1295 - Kupreskic Trial Judgment, par 568; Blaskic Trial Judgment, par 218.
1296 - Kupreskic Trial Judgment, par 626.
1297 - Tadic Trial Judgment, par 694; Kupreskic Trial Judgment, par 567; Blaskic Trial Judgment, par 219; Kordic and Cerkez Trial Judgment, par 192.
1298 - Kupreskic Trial Judgment, par 605; Kvocka Trial Judgment, par 185.
1299 - Tadic Trial Judgment, par 703; Kupreskic Trial Judgment, pars 581, 614; Blaskic Trial Judgment, par 233; Kordic and Cerkez Trial Judgment, pars 193-194; Kvocka Trial Judgment, par 185.
1300 - Blaskic Trial Judgment, par 233.
1301 - Kupreskic Trial Judgment, par 624.
1302 - Kupreskic Trial Judgment, par 618; Kordic and Cerkez Trial Judgment, par 196; Kvocka Trial Judgment, par 185.
1303 - Kupreskic Trial Judgment, par 621. The Trial Chamber does not concur with the view expressed in the Kordic and Cerkez Trial Judgment, at par 195, that the “gross or blatant” quality of the denial amounts to a distinct requirement with respect to seriousness.
1304 - Kupreskic Trial Judgment, pars 615(e), 622.
1305 - Kvocka Trial Judgment, par 186.
1306 - Kordic and Cerkez Trial Judgment, par 217; Blaskic Trial Judgment, par 235; Tadic Appeal Judgment, par 305. The Tadic Appeal Judgment, par 305, and the Akayesu Appeal Judgment, par 469, both state that not all crimes against humanity require discriminatory intent. Although this jurisprudence states that it is discriminatory intent that makes the crime of persecution unique, this Chamber finds that it is the discriminatory elements of both the actus reus and the mens rea which achieve this result.
1307 - Kordic and Cerkez Trial Judgment, par 217.
1308 - Kupreskic Trial Judgment, par 625. In this respect, the Trial Chamber agrees with the submission in the Prosecution Final Trial Brief, par 567.
1309 - See par 431, supra.
1310 - Blaskic Trial Judgment, par 260.
1311 - See Tadic Trial Judgment, par 652; Kvocka Trial Judgment, par 195. Although arising in the context of a genocide charge, the Jelisic Trial Judgment also appears to support this approach to proving discriminatory intent, par 73.
1312 - The latter possibility is acknowledged in the Kvocka Trial Judgment, par 203.
1313 - Par 203 in the Kvocka Trial Judgment (“In instances in which an accused has raised a question as to whether an act was committed on discriminatory grounds or without the knowing or wilful participation of the accused, the Trial Chamber will consider whether the Prosecution has established that the grounds were discriminatory.”) is unfortunately worded, as it may be misinterpreted as placing some onus of proof upon the accused. It appears to mean that, where there arises on the evidence an issue as to whether the act was done for reasons other than the discriminatory ones apparent from the attack upon a particular group within the civilian population, the Trial Chamber must determine whether the Prosecution has established that the intent with which the act was done was the discriminatory one alleged.
1314 - Par 5.2 of the Indictment.
1315 - Par 5.2(a) of the Indictment.
1316 - Count 11.
1317 - See pars 118-124, supra.
1318 - FWS-250 (T 5022); FWS-33 (Ex P 106, p 483); Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, pp 680-681); FWS-249 (Ex P 161, p 2111); FWS-104 (T 2193, 2200); FWS-73 (T 3206-3207).
1319 - Par 5.2(e) of the Indictment.
1320 - Count 15.
1321 - Count 13.
1322 - See pars 133-143, supra.
1323 - See par 144, supra.
1324 - FWS-138 (T 2062); FWS-159 (T 2467-2469); FWS-73 (T 3219-3221, 3352); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3527); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3749); FWS-69 (T 4065-4066); FWS-89 (T 4661-4662).
1325 - FWS-139 (T 330); FWS-162 (T 1360-1361); FWS-109 (T 2369); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2557, 2562); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3528, 3621); FWS-69 (T 4066); FWS-89 (T 4662).
1326 - FWS-215 (T 885); FWS-162 (T 1360-1361); FWS-69 (T 4662).
1327 - FWS-215 (T 885); FWS-162 (T 1360-1361); FWS-69 (T 4066).
1328 - FWS-109 (T 2368).
1329 - Dzevad S Lojo (T 2562).
1330 - Dzevad S Lojo (T 2557).
1331 - Zoran Vukovic (T 5783).
1332 - FWS-215 (T 885); FWS-182 (T 1616); FWS-08 (T 1772); FWS-138 (T 2065); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2562); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3528).
1333 - See par 139, supra.
1334 - Lazar Stojanovic (T 5717, 5749); Zoran Vukovic (T 5771, 5784-5785).
1335 - See par 139, supra.
1336 - FWS-111 (T 1229); FWS-08 (T 1772); FWS-142 (T 1840-1841); FWS-138 (T 2063-2066); FWS-71 (T 2945, 2952); FWS-162 (T 1361); FWS-66 (T 1083-1084); Lazar Stojanovic (T 5738).
1337 - Par 5.2(b) of the Indictment.
1338 - Counts 2 and 4 respectively.
1339 - Count 5.
1340 - Count 7.
1341 - See pars 189-306, supra.
1342 - See pars 433-434, supra.
1343 - The jurisprudence of the World War II cases is considered in the Tadic Trial Judgment, pars  699-710.
1344 - Prosecution Pre-Trial Brief, par 356.
1345 - See par 436, supra. The Trial Chamber considers that the same reasons for which it is not safe to rely on the discriminatory nature of the attack to reach conclusions as to the discriminatory nature of individual acts which form part of that attack, also prevent it from deriving conclusions as to the discriminatory nature of acts subsequent to imprisonment from the discriminatory nature of the initial imprisonment.
1346 - See pars 193-209, supra.
1347 - See pars 203-204, supra.
1348 - Dzevad S Lojo (T 2565).
1349 - See pars 203-204, supra.
1350 - Pars 5.8/5.13, 5.10. 5.11 were found not to be serious enough to establish the underlying offences of inhumane acts and cruel treatment;  See pars 195-196, 199-204, supra.
1351 - See pars 195-196, supra.
1352 - See pars 199-200, supra.
1353 - See par 201-202, supra.
1354 - See par 445, supra.
1355 - See par 197, supra.
1356 - See pars 197-198, supra.
1357 - See par 205, supra.
1358 - See pars 206-207, supra.
1359 - FWS-69 (T 4082). The Trial Chamber understands that “Alija” is a common Muslim name.
1360 - See pars 208-209, supra.
1361 - See par 213, supra.
1362 - See par 214, supra.
1363 - See par 215, supra.
1364 - See par 211, supra.
1365 - See pars 216-258, supra.
1366 - See pars 218-220, supra, stating that the beatings amounted to cruel treatment and inhumane acts.
1367 - See pars 223-225, supra.
1368 - See pars 226-236, supra.
1369 - See pars 221-222, supra.
1370 - See pars 239-242, supra. FWS-03 was questioned whether he was an SDA activist. When he denied this, stating that he was merely a party member, the guards accused him of lying and beat him, later calling on Halim Dedovic to identify FWS-03 as an SDA activist; FWS-03 (T 2237).
1371 - See par 432, supra, requiring that the act of persecution be discriminatory in fact.
1372 - See par 445, supra.
1373 - See pars 249-253, supra.
1374 - Concerning Nurko Nisic, see FWS-111 (T 1238); FWS-54 (T 767); FWS-85 (T645); FWS-119 (T 1953). Some witnesses also testified that Nisic had a job connected with the municipal authorities: FWS-215 (T 889); FWS-71 (T 2830); FWS-250 (T 5042); FWS-65 (T516). Concerning Zulfo Veiz, see FWS-66 (T 1097-1098); FWS-86 (T 1518); FWS-113 (Dzevad Lojo) (T 2581); FWS-71 (T 2862); FWS-73 (T 3275); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3810); FWS-69 (T 4123). Concerning Salem Bico, see FWS-54 (T 769); FWS-71 (T 2864); FWS-73 (T 3269); FWS-69 (T 4122); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2583); Slobodan Jovancevic (T 6172).
1375 - For Nurko Nisic: See par 250, supra. For Zulfo Veiz: See par 251, supra.
1376 - For Nurko Nisic: FWS-119 (T 1953). For Zulfo Veiz: FWS-182 (T 1616).
1377 - See par 250, supra; FWS-250 heard a guard yell “Get up Nurko, this is no way to defend Bosnia” (T 5049). Without some greater detail, the Chamber is not satisfied that this can be said to establish beyond reasonable doubt an intent to discriminate on political grounds, because it is reasonably open to an innocent interpretation as a jocular but inappropriate remark.
1378 - See par 254-255, supra.
1379 - FWS-138 (T 2080); FWS-142 (T 1830); FWS-66 (T 1104).
1380 - FWS-66 (T 1104).
1381 - See pars 256-258, supra.
1382 - FWS-86 (T 1514); FWS-66 (T 1109); FWS-215 (T 888).
1383 - FWS-86 (T 1514).
1384 - FWS-71 (T 2826); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3925).
1385 - Slobodan Jovancevic (T 5598).
1386 - FWS-66 (T 1110); FWS-111 (T 1258); FWS-139 (T 367); FWS-71 (T 2866); FWS-73 (T 3259); FWS-58 (T 2704); FWS-137 (T 4758).
1387 - See par 262 and Ex P 334a, supra.
1388 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3474, 3648).
1389 - See par 300, supra.
1390 - FWS-73 (T 3282); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3524).
1391 - See par 305, supra.
1392 - FWS-66 (T 1107); FWS-215 (T 904-905); FWS-138 (T 2076); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2582); FWS-71 (T 2884); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3495).
1393 - Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3809).
1394 - See pars 274, 277-278, 290-293, 295, 298, 330-339, supra.
1395 - Listed as Kemal under C 7.
1396 - FWS-215 (T 905); Muhamed Lisica (T 4963).
1397 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3501).
1398 - FWS-66 (T 1103); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3505).
1399 - See par 286, supra.
1400 - See pars 268-269, 272, supra. For Hasan Dzano, See also FWS-104 (T 2166).
1401 - FWS-66 (T 1106); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3812-3813) who heard it from Zaim Cedic.
1402 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3517).
1403 - FWS-109 (T 2359); FWS-58 (T 2701); FWS-71 (T 2810).
1404 - Par 5.2(c) of the Indictment.
1405 - Counts 8 and 10 respectively.
1406 - See par 339, supra.
1407 - On torture, cruel treatment and inhumane acts as persecution.
1408 - See par 339, supra.
1409 - FWS-111 (T 1255); FWS-182 (T 162); FWS-71 (T 2876).
1410 - FWS-69 (T 4120).
1411 - FWS-66 (T 1107); FWS-111 (T 1253); FWS-215 (T 905); FWS-139 (T 366); FWS-119 (T 1966); FWS-54 (T 767).
1412 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3404).
1413 - FWS-66 (T 108); FWS-215 (T 908); FWS-85 (T 644); FWS-138 (T 2085); FWS-109 (T 2385, 2394).
1414 - FWS-03 (T 2251-2254); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2579).
1415 - FWS-66 (T 1108).
1416 - FWS-65 (T 494); FWS-66 (T 1109); FWS-215 (T 911); FWS-139 (T 367); FWS-119 (T 1957); FWS-138 (T 2075).
1417 - FWS-144 (T 2307).
1418 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3508).
1419 - Par 5.2(d) of the Indictment.
1420 - See pars 410-411, supra.
1421 - Par 5.2(f) of the Indictment.
1422 - Krstic Trial Judgment, par 522; Meron, Human Rights and Humanitarian Norms as Customary Law (1989); pp 48-49: “[T]he central elements of Article 49(1) such as the absolute prohibitions of forcible mass and individual transfers and deportations of protected persons from occupied territories stated in Article 49(1) are declaratory of customary law even when the object and setting of the deportations differ from those underlying German World War II practices which led to the Rule set forth in Article 49.”
1423 - Article 6(b) of the Nuremburg Charter; Article II (1)(b) of Control Council Law No 10; Articles 49 and 147 of Geneva Convention IV; Article 85(4)(a) of Additional Protocol I; Article 20 of the International Law Commission Draft Code of Offences against the Peace and Security of Mankind (1996) (“ILC Draft Code 1996”); Article 8(2)(a)(vii) of the Statute of the International Criminal Court.
1424 - Article 6(c) of the Nuremburg Charter; Article II (1)(c) of Control Council Law No 10; Article 5(c) of the Tokyo Charter; Nuremburg Judgment in which the defendant Baldur Von Schirach was convicted of deportation as a crime against humanity (pp 317-319); In Article 11 of the International Law Commission Draft Code of Offences against the Peace and Security of Mankind (1954); deportation is an offence against the peace and security of mankind, while it is categorised specifically as a crime against humanity in Article 18 of the ILC Draft Code 1996; Article 7(1)(d) of the Statute of the International Criminal Court.
1425 - Article 5(d).
1426 - Article 6(c) of the Nuremburg Charter prohibits the deportation of “any civilian population” (emphasis added); See also Bassiouni, Crimes Against Humanity in International Criminal Law (1999) p 179.
1427 - Acts of deportation “can be classified as both war crimes and 'crimes against humanity' depending on the location and nationality of the deportees”: Bassiouni, Crimes Against Humanity in International Criminal Law (1999), p 315.
1428 - Blaskic Trial Judgment, par 234.
1429 - Krstic Trial Judgment, par 531; Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention refers to “deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to the territory of the Occupying Power or to that of any other country …” and Article 70 refers to a prohibition on the deportation of nationals of the occupying power “from the occupied territory”. In the Nuremburg Judgment, it was stated that “not only in defiance of well-established rules of international law, but in complete disregard of the elementary dictates of humanity … [w]hole populations were deported to Germany for the purposes of slave labour upon defense works, armament production and similar tasks connected with the war effort” (p 227) and Von Schirach’s conviction for deportation as a crime against humanity was for his part in the deportation of Jews from Vienna to the ghettos of the East (pp 317-319); United States of America v Erhard Milch, Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No 10 (1952) Vol 2, Concurring Opinion by Judge Phillips, p 865; “International Law has enunciated certain conditions under which the fact of deportation of civilians from one nation to another during times of war becomes a crime”; United States of America v Alfried Krupp et al, Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No 10 (1952) Vol 9, part 2, pp 1432-1433; United States of America v Friedrich Flick et al, Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No 10 (1952) Vol 6, p 681, ILC Draft Code 1996, Article 18, commentary (13): “Whereas deportation implies expulsion from the national territory, the forcible transfer of population could occur wholly within the frontiers of one and the same state”; Henckaerts, Deportation and Transfer of Civilians in Time of War, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol 26, 1993, p 472 (with respect to Article 49 of Geneva Convention IV); “Presumably, a transfer is a relocation within the occupied territory, and a deportation is a relocation outside the occupied territory”; Bassiouni, Crimes Against Humanity in International Criminal Law (1999) p 312; Hall, Crimes against humanity – para. 1(d) in Triffterer (ed) Commentary on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1999), p 136, with respect to the two terms used in Article 7 of the Rome Statute: “Unfortunately, the Statute does not expressly distinguish between deportation and transfer. However, given the common distinction between deportation as forcing persons to cross a national frontier and transfer as forcing them to move from one part of the country to another without crossing a national frontier, and given the basic presumption that no words in a treaty should be seen as surplus, it is likely that the common distinction was intended”.
1430 - In the Nikolic Rule 61 Decision, it is stated that the transfer of detainees from one camp to another within Bosnia and Herzegovina “could be characterised as deportation and, accordingly, come under Article 5 of the Statute”, par 23. No authority is cited for this proposition, and there was no examination of the authorities referred to in the previous footnote.
1431 - Prosecution Pre-Trial Brief, par 349.
1432 - Article 49, Geneva Convention IV; See also Krstic Trial Judgment, par 528.
1433 - Krstic Trial Judgment, par 529; See also Report of the Preparatory Commission for the International Criminal Court, Finalised Draft Text of the Elements of the Crimes, UN Doc. PCNICC/2000/INF/3/Add.2, 6 July 2000, p 11. The Trial Chamber accepts the argument submitted in the Prosecution Pre-Trial Brief, par 346.
1434 - The Commentary to the Geneva Convention IV, Article 49, states that the Article was drafted in such a way as to authorise voluntary transfers while prohibiting forcible transfers, thus implying that any forcible transfer must be involuntary.
1435 - In this sense it is similar to the crime of rape, where apparent consent induced by force or threat of force is not considered to be real consent: Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 453.
1436 - The total or partial evacuation of the population is allowed “if the security of the population or imperative military reasons so demand”: (Krstic Trial Judgment, par 524, and Article 49 of Geneva Convention IV; See also Article 17 of Additional Protocol II, referring to forced displacement within national boundaries). This permission to evacuate is subject to certain qualifications, including inter alia that evacuees shall be transferred back to their homes as soon as hostilities in the area in question have ceased (Article 49, Geneva Convention IV).
1437 - This view is supported in Jennings and Watts (eds), Oppenheim’s International Law (1996) p 940, fn 1: “'Expulsion' is not a technical term, and is often used interchangeably with 'deportation': both involve the removal of a person from a state by its unilateral act”. While this definition was advanced within the context of international law during peace time, it would appear that it applies equally during armed conflict. See examples of States expelling enemy subjects in Lauterpacht (ed), International Law and Treaties by Oppenheim (1952) p 307, fn 7. In the Kupreskic Others Trial Judgment, the Trial Chamber referred to the organised expulsion of Bosnian Muslim civilians from Ahmici, which did not appear to entail any movement across a national border: par 629. However, no basis was given for this use of the term expulsion and it was not considered in any detail. This Trial Chamber accordingly does not find this interpretation of expulsion to be persuasive.
1438 - See for example Council of Europe, Explanatory Report on Protocol No 7 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 8 (1985) (defining expulsion as “any measure compelling the departure of an alien from the territory”); Becker v Denmark, European Commission of Human Rights, Decision as to Admissibility of Application 7011/75, 19 YB EUR CONV on HR (1976) (defining a prohibited collective expulsion of aliens as “any measure of the competent authority compelling aliens as a group to leave the country except where such a measure is taken after and on the basis of a reasonable and objective examination of the particular cases of each individual alien of the group”); Henckaerts, Mass Expulsion in Modern International Law and Practice (1995), p 109 (defining expulsion as “an act, or a failure to act, by an authority of a State with the intention and with the effect of securing the removal of a person or persons against their will from the territory of that State”). The Trial Chamber is mindful of the specificity of international humanitarian law (Kunarac Trial Judgment, pars 470-471) and the structural differences that exist between this body of law and human rights law, in particular the distinct role and function attributed to states and individuals in each regime (Kunarac Trial Judgment, pars 470-496). It is not precluded from having recourse to human rights law in respect of those aspects which are common to both regimes. In the instant case, the Trial Chamber regards the general definitions of expulsion expressed above as consistent with the concept of expulsion as used in the definition of deportation under international criminal law, insofar as they require that displacement take place across a national border.
1439 - Krstic Trial Judgment, pars  531-532; Commentary on the ILC Draft Code, p 122.
1440 - Paragraph 5.2 of the Indictment. These incidents are more extensively described in Annex IV (Exchanges) to the Prosecution Final Trial Brief.
1441 - Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1974, 1983, 2009, 2014); Rasim Taranin (T 1700, 1737, 1740); FWS-139 (T 412); FWS-111 (T1283); FWS-162 (T 1409); FWS-08 (T 1794); FWS-138 (T 2097); FWS-144 (T 2323); FWS-109 (T 2409); FWS-71 (T 2894, 2916); FWS-146 (T 3083); FWS-73 (T 3291, 3318, 3418); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3970); FWS-249 (Ex P 161 T 4488); FWS-89 (T 4710); Muhamed Lisica (T 4987); Lazar Stojanovic (T 5711).
1442 - Dzevad Lojo (T 601); FWS-182 (T 1648); FWS-104 (T 2194); FWS-144 (T 2296); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3970); FWS-69 (T 4148); FWS-137 (T 4750).
1443 - FWS-66 (T 1133); FWS-08 (T 1767); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2591); FWS-146 (T 3079-3080); Lazar Divljan (T 6009).
1444 - In addition to testimony from Prosecution witnesses, witnesses for the Defence acknowledged the existence of exchanges: Lazar Stojanovic (T 5721); Radomir Dolas (T 5823); Risto Ivanovic (T 6136); Zoran Mijovic (T 6284-6285); Miloslav Krsmanovic (T 6698).
1445 - Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, p 522); Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1970); FWS-159 (T 2472-2473); FWS-146 (T 3078); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3490); RJ (T 3899); FWS-69 (T 4095); FWS-172 (T 4574); FWS-137 (T 4746, 4750); FWS-215 (T 899); FWS-65 (T522); FWS-119 (T 1967). Witnesses for the Defence witnesses state that it was military police that would come for the detainees: see Lazar Stojanovic (T 5721) and Radomir Dolas (T 5824), the latter talking of a “military truck with men in camouflage uniforms”.
1446 - Radomir Dolas (T 5824, 5878) stated that the list was provided by Savo Todovic; FWS-111 (T 1260); FWS-215 (T 899); FWS-65 (T 522); FWS-119 (T1967) not specifying who drew up the list.
1447 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3489, 3685); FWS-69 (T 4076).
1448 - FWS-54 (T 775); FWS-215 (T 899) saying that some returned and others did not: FWS-182 (T 1639); FWS-08 (T 1785-1790); Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1970); FWS-104 (T 2216-2217); FWS-144 (T 2309-2311); FWS-109 (T 2377-2378); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2589-2593); FWS-146 (T 3078); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3490); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3816); RJ (T 3868, 3900); FWS-69 (T 4121, 4127, 4139); FWS-172 (T 4574, 4577, 4586-4588, 4616); Muhamed Lisica (T 4977); FWS-250 (T 5080); FWS-66 (T 1117); FWS-111 (T 1265); FWS-85 (T 662); FWS-139 (T 371); Rasim Taranin (T 1725).
1449 - Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, p 524); FWS-104 (T 2216-2217); FWS-159 (T 2472, 2507); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2590-2594, 2659-2666); RJ (T 3868); FWS-139 (T 435); Muhamed Lisica (T 4977).
1450 - Dzevad S Lojo (T 2590-2592); RJ (T 3868); FWS-08 (T 1789).
1451 - FWS-144 (T 2311); FWS-08 (T 1785-1788).
1452 - Dzevad S Lojo (T 2592, 2593); Ex P 215, pp 2, 5-6.
1453 - RJ (T 3868).
1454 - Ex P 215, p 2.
1455 - Ex P 215, pp 3, 6; RJ (T 3899-3900); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2597); FWS-172 (T 4574).
1456 - Ex P 215 at pp 3, 6 (date listed as August 29); FWS-69 (T 4132-4139).
1457 - FWS-08 (T 1783-1788) estimating around 18 men; Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1969-1970) estimating ten men; Dzevad S Lojo (T 2597-2598, 2661-2663).
1458 - Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1970, 2009); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2597-2598, 2661-2663).
1459 - Dzevad S Lojo (T 2557, 2601) putting the date around 16 December, Ex P 215 at p 7; Nezir Cengic (T 4694-4697) putting the number at around 13 and the date at December 15; Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1974) referring to eight men taken on December 12,
1460 - FWS-146 (T 3078); Amor Masovic (T 4352-4353); FWS-66 (T 1120); FWS-139 (T 372) saying that he was taken away during the summer of 1993; FWS-138 (T 2075) unable to give a date; Risto Ivanovic (T 6192) no date.
1461 - Ex P 215, pp 3, 7.
1462 - In Annex IV to the Prosecution Final Trial Brief. The incident was not specifically pleaded in the Indictment.
1463 - FWS-144 (T 2309-2311).
1464 - FWS-54 and FWS-172.
1465 - FWS-54 (T 783-785, 811-812); FWS-66 (T 1119-1120, 1150); FWS-86 (T 1535-1542); FWS-08 (T 1807); Dr Amir Berberkic (T 3814-3816); RJ (T 3904, 3907); FWS-69 (T 4095-4096); FWS-172 (T 4575-4578); FWS-109 (T 2425); FWS-119 (T 1968-1969).
1466 - FWS-54 (T 774); FWS-65 (T 523); Rasim Taranin (T 1725); FWS-109 (T 2399); FWS-249 (T 4483); RJ (T 3868).
1467 - Neither was any reason presented by one of those deported as to why the group of 35 were deported while 20 others were separated from the original group: see FWS-54 (T 785).
1468 - FWS-139 (T 371) saying between 50-60; Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1972-1973) saying around 35 men; FWS-08 (T 1791) saying about 36; FWS-104 (T 2185) around 35-40.
1469 - FWS-104 (T 2209, 2184-2185); Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1970-1974); FWS-139 (T 371); Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, pp 524-525); FWS-182 (T1639); FWS-08 (T 1790-1792); FWS-109 (T2401); FWS-182 (T 1639); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3495-3496, 3513); FWS-69 (T 4085-4086); FWS-137 (T 4770, 4810) stating that it took place in August 1992; Muhamed Lisica (T 4978); FWS-250 (T 5080); Risto Ivanovic (T 6185).
1470 - FWS-08 (T 1791); FWS-138 (T 2094).
1471 - FWS-138 (T 2094); Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1971-1975); FWS-69 (T 4085-4086); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3495); FWS-08 (T 1791); FWS-08 (T 1807); FWS-139 (T 371); Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, p 524); FWS-86 (T 1531).
1472 - FWS-104 (T 2210); FWS-08 (T 1792); FWS-69 (T 4085-4086); FWS-137 (T 4770); Ahmet Hadzimusic (T 1973).
1473 - Safet Avdic (Ex P 123, p 525); FWS-182 (T 1628); FWS-109 (T 2402); Dzevad S Lojo (T 2584, 2598-2599); FWS-137 (T 4770); FWS-250 (T 5080); FWS-139 (T 371); FWS-08 (T 1792); FWS-104 (T 2187).
1474 - Ekrem Zekovic (T 3497-3498).
1475 - FWS-182 (T 1628); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3497-3498, 3513).
1476 - Ex P 55/2, Section 3 (relating to Halid Konjo and the discovery of his body in a mass grave) and Section 6 relating to Murat Crneta and the discovery of his body in a mass grave); Amor Masovic (T 4235); Ex P 240/1 (map); Ex P 55/1; Jussi Kemppainen gave evidence that Halid Konjo’s body was discovered during an exhumation in Podstolac-Ustikolina on 5 November 1997 (T 1167-1168, 1170-1171); Amor Masovic gave evidence of the Commission locating the bodies of Halid Konjo and Murat Crneta (T 4233-4237).
1477 - FWS-249 (Ex P 161, pp 4411, 4414, 4472-4473, 4477-4478).
1478 - See pars 438, 439-443, 454, 470, supra.
1479 - The Prosecution relied on the evidence of witnesses who claimed to have observed the Accused at SDS rallies and in the company of high level SDS members prior to the outbreak of the conflict: FWS-138 (T 2042-3); Zarko Vukovic (T 6803); FWS-139 (T 379); FWS-71 (T 2902); FWS-139 (T 378); FWS-85 (T 629); Ekrem Zekovic (T 3699). The Prosecution also alleged that the Accused was familiar with the members of the Crisis Staff and, although the Accused denied knowing the names of the Crisis staff members prior to hearing them in Court, he did show familiarity with their names and their functions when cross-examined: The Accused (T 7770-7774), Ex D 73. The Prosecution further asserted that only a person with nationalistic views could be entrusted with the position of warden of the KP Dom during the conflict, and this was supported by the views of the witnesses: FWS-54 (T 779-780); FWS-111 (T 1271); RJ (T 3834-3835). The Prosecution also relied upon the evidence of FWS-86 that, from the end of 1991 until the beginning of 1992, anti-Muslim songs were sung in the Accused’s son’s café which was attached to the Accused’s house: (T 1493, 1495, 1554). The Accused denied attending any SDS rallies and denied having any involvement at all with the SDS: (T 7583, T 7746). A certificate issued by the Srbinje SDS Municipal Board on 20 October 1998, stating that the Accused has never been a member of the SDS of Republika Srpska, was produced in support of this denial (Ex D 76/1). The Trial Chamber notes that this certificate is of recent origin and, in the absence of any evidence of the basis upon which it was issued, places no weight upon it. However, the Trial Chamber is satisified that there was a certain amount of evidence adduced by both the Defence and Prosecution showing that the Accused treated the non-Serb population in a favourable manner, and that his only political affiliation was with the Communist party: Witness A (T 5524-5528); Slobodan Jovanevic (T 5578-5580); Milomr Mihajlovic (T 5624-5625); Vitomir Drakul (T 5674-5675); Divljan Lazar (T 6012-6013); Drago Vladicic (T 6308-6309); Miladin Matovic (T 6486); Miloslav Krsmanovic (T 6705); Slavica Krnojelac (T 7503-7504, 7530); Zarko Vukovic (T 6741-6748); Arnseije Krnojelac (T 6934-6937); Svetozar Bogdanovic (T 7064); Witness C (T 7132-7142); Witness D (T 7147-7150); Desanka Bogdanovic (T 7014-7021); Svetozar Bogdanovic (T 7062-7066); Miloslav Krsmanovic (T 6705); Desanka Bogdanovic (T 7007); FWS-111 (T 1269-1270); FWS-144 (T 1468-1469, 2331-2332). The Trial Chamber is therefore not satisfied that the Accused consciously intended to discriminate.
1480 - Imprisonment, See par 127, supra; Living conditions constituting inhumane acts, See par 170, supra; Beatings, See pars 313, 346, supra; Torture, See pars 313-314, supra.
1481 - See pars 100, 124,127, supra.
1482 - See pars 438,443, supra.
1483 - See pars 169-173, supra.
1484 - See pars 308-313, supra.
1485 - See pars 316-321, supra.
1486 - See pars 312-313, supra.
1487 - See par 107, supra.
1488 - See pars 106-107, supra.
1489 - See par 107, supra.
1490 - See pars 106-107, supra.
1491 - See par 173, supra. The Trial Chamber was also satisfied that the Accused’s responsibility under Article 7(1) of the Statute had been established with respect to the offence of inhumane conditions and, in the exercise of its discretion, chose that head of liability as the more appropriate basis upon which to enter a conviction.
1492 - See par 172, supra.
1493 - See par 173, supra.
1494 - See par 490, supra.
1495 - See pars 312-319, supra.
1496 - See par 313, supra.
1497 - Absorbed in this finding are the findings of the Trial Chamber that the Accused was individually responsible for the crimes against humanity of imprisonment (par 489) and of inhumane acts (based upon living conditions, par 490).
1498 - This finding covers the beating of Dzemo Balic (par 5.15 of the Indictment) and FWS-03 (par 5.23 of the Indictment).
1499 - Those incidents which formed the basis of the persecution charge, namely the beating of Dzemo Balic (par 5.15 of the Indictment) and FWS-03 (par 5.23 of the Indictment), do not form part of this conviction.
1500 - Delalic Appeals Judgment, pars 412-413.
1501 - Jelisic Appeal Judgment, par 82.
1502 - Article 23(1) provides: “The Trial Chambers shall pronounce Judgments and impose sentences and penalties on persons convicted of serious violations of international humanitarian law.”
1503 - Article 24(1) provides: “The penalty imposed by the Trial Chamber shall be limited to imprisonment[…].”
1504 - Rule 101(A) provides: “A convicted person may be sentenced to imprisonment for a term up to and including the remainder of the convicted person’s life.”
1505 - Rule 87(C) provides: “If the Trial Chamber finds the accused guilty on one or more charges contained in the indictment, it shall impose a sentence in respect of each finding of guilt and indicate whether such sentences shall be served consecutively or concurrently, unless it decides to exercise its power to impose a single sentence reflecting the totality of the criminal conduct of the accused.”
1506 - See Rule 101(B).
1507 - Article 24(1) of the Statute and Rule 101(B); Prosecutor v Tadic, Case IT-94-1-A & IT-94-1-Abis, Judgment in Sentencing Appeals, 26 Jan 2000 (“Tadic Sentencing Appeal Judgment”), par 21; Delalic Appeal Judgment, par 813; Jelisic Appeal Judgment, par 117.
1508 - Delalic Appeal Judgment, par 820.
1509 - Kupreskic Appeal Judgment, par 418.
1510 - Article 41(1) of the SFRY Criminal Code (adopted on 28 Sept 1976, entered into force on 1 July 1977 (unofficial translation).
1511 - Rule 101 largely repeats Arts 23 and 24 of the Statute; it provides in relevant part: “[…] (B) In determining the sentence, the Trial Chamber shall take into account the factors mentioned in Article 24, paragraph 2, of the Statute, as well as such factors as: (i) any aggravating circumstances;  (ii) any mitigating circumstances including the substantial co-operation with the Prosecutor by the convicted person before or after conviction;  (iii) the general practice regarding prison sentences in the courts of the former Yugoslavia;  (iv) the extent to which any penalty imposed by a court of any State on the convicted person for the same act has already been served, as referred to in Article 10, paragraph 3, of the Statute. (C) Credit shall be given to the convicted person for the period, if any, during which the convicted person was detained in custody pending surrender to the Tribunal or pending trial or appeal.”
1512 - Kupreskic Appeal Judgment, par 442; Delalic Appeal Judgment, par 717; and Art 24(2) of the Statute, which states that the Trial Chamber in imposing the sentences “should take into account such factors as the gravity of the offence and the individual circumstances of the convicted person.” See also Aleksovski Appeal Judgment, par 182; Jelisic Appeal Judgment, par 94.
1513 - Kupreskic Trial Judgment, par 852; See also Jelisic Appeal Judgment, par 94; Delalic Appeal Judgment, par 731; Aleksovski Appeal Judgment, par 182; Furundzija Appeal Judgment, par 249; Kambanda Judgment, 19 Oct 2000, par 125.
1514 - Delalic Appeal Judgment, par 763.
1515 - Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 847; Prosecutor v Sikirica and Others, Case IT-95-8-S, Sentencing Judgment, 13 Nov 2001 (“Sikirica Sentencing Judgment”), par 110.
1516 - Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 841; Prosecutor v Todorovic, Case IT-95-9/1-S, Sentencing Judgment, 31 July 2001 (“Todorovic Sentencing Judgment”), par 29.
1517 - The Trial Chamber has applied the principle of public deterrence in determining the sentence to be imposed, but it has taken care that it has not been accorded undue prominence in that process: See Tadic Sentencing Appeal Judgment, par 48;  Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 840; Todorovic Sentencing Judgment, par 30.
1518 - The Appeals Chamber views deterrence and retribution as the main general sentencing factors (for example, Aleksovski Appeal Judgment, par 185; Celebici Appeal Judgment, par 806). With respect to the former factor, it appears to focus on general deterrence only: Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 839.
1519 - Prosecution Pre-Trial Brief, par 377.
1520 - For the reasons set out in the Kunarac Trial Judgment, pars 843, 844. Article 33 of the SFRY Criminal Code provides three reasons for the imposition of sentences, namely, “[…] (1) preventing the offender from committing criminal acts and his rehabilitation; (2) deterrent effect upon others not to commit criminal acts; (3) strengthening the moral fibre of a socialist self-managing society and influence on the development of the citizens’ social responsibility and discipline.”
1521 - Tadic Appeal Sentencing Judgment, par 55; Delalic Appeal Judgment, par 847.
1522 - Article 142(1) provides: “Whoever in violation of rules of international law effective at the time of war, armed conflict or occupation, orders that civilian population be subject to killings, torture, inhuman treatment [ …], immense suffering or violation of bodily integrity or health […] forcible prostitution or rape; application of measures of intimidation and terror, […] other illegal arrests and detention […]; forcible labour […] or who commits one of the foregoing acts, shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than five years or by the death penalty.”
1523 - Prosecutor v Tadic, Case IT-94-1-T, Sentencing Judgment, 14 July 1997, par 8.
1524 - Both Article 142(1) and Article 141 of the SFRY Criminal Code prescribe imprisonment for not less than five years or the death penalty upon conviction. Capital punishment was abolished by constitutional amendment in some of the republics of the SFRY, other than Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 1977, the new maximum sentence being 20 years imprisonment for the most serious offences. Article 38 of the SFRY Criminal Code concerns prison sentences, and reads in part: “(1) The punishment of imprisonment may not be shorter than 15 days nor longer than 15 years. (2) The court may impose a punishment of imprisonment for a term of 20 years for criminal acts eligible for the death penalty. (3) For criminal acts committed with intent for which the punishment of fifteen years imprisonment may be imposed under statute, and which were perpetrated under particularly aggravating circumstances or caused especially grave consequences, a punishment of imprisonment for a term of 20 years may be imposed when so provided by statute. […].” Official Gazette of the FRY, No 37, 16 July 1993, p 817. Delalici Trial Judgment, par 1206. From Nov 1998 the law in Bosnia and Herzegovina prescribes the death penalty only in exceptional circumstances: Art 34 of the Criminal Code of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which came into force on 28 Nov 1998, provides: “[…] (2) On an exceptional basis, for the more severe forms of criminal offences punished with long term imprisonment which were committed during the state of war or of imminent war danger, the law may exceptionally prescribe capital punishment. (3) In the case defined in paragraph 2 of this Article, the capital punishment may be pronounced and executed only during the sate of war or imminent war danger.” (Criminal Code of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina published by “Official Gazette of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina”, No 43-98, Nov 20, 1998). That Criminal Code also now provides for the imposition of “long term imprisonment” ranging from 20 to 40 years for the “the gravest forms of criminal offences [...] committed with intention” (Art 38).
1525 - Tadic Sentencing Appeal Judgment, par 69: “The Appeals Chamber has taken account of the arguments of the parties and the authorities to which they refer, inclusive of previous judgments of the Trial Chambers and the Appeals Chamber of the International Tribunal. After full consideration, the Appeals Chamber takes the view that there is in law no distinction between the seriousness of a crime against humanity and that of a war crime. The Appeals Chamber finds no basis for such a distinction in the Statute or the Rules of the International Tribunal construed in accordance with customary international law; the authorized penalties are also the same, the level in any particular case being fixed by reference to the circumstances of the case. The position is similar under the Statute of the International Criminal Court, Article 8(1) of the Statute, in the opinion of the Appeals Chamber, not importing a difference. […].”; Furundzija Appeal Judgment, pars 243, 247.
1526 - Prosecution Pre-Trial Brief, par 379; Prosecution Final Trial Brief, par 586.
1527 - Kunarac Trial Judgment, par 851.
1528 - Ibid.
1529 - See pars 171, 490, supra.
1530 - T 8377.
1531 - The Trial Chamber repeats that, in accordance with the Tadic Sentencing Appeal Judgment par 48, it has taken care not to accord undue prominence to the principle of general deterrence in determining the sentence to be imposed.
1532 - Ex P 459; Ex D 145A.
1533 - See par 485, supra and footnote 1493, supra.
1534 - Prosecution’s Final Trial Brief, par 60.
1535 - See pars 96, 144, supra.
1536 - The mitigation which a Trial Chamber may afford to an accused person because of the extent to which he or she co-operates in the efficient resolution of the trial should not be misunderstood as being the obverse of any principle that a non co-operative accused may find his sentence aggravated for that non-co-operation. Such a principle would be entirely wrong.
1537 - That is to say, it had not been made public.
1538 - T 8202; Zarko Vukovic (T 6778-6779).
1539 - T 8380-8381.
1540 - Aleksovski Appeal Judgment, par 182; Delalic Appeal Judgment, par 731.
1541 - Paragraph 507, supra.
1542 - Kupreskic Trial Judgment, par 852, which was quoted with approval by the Appeals Chamber in both the Aleksovski Appeal Judgment (at par 182) and the Delalic Appeal Judgment (at par 731).
1543 - Paragraphs 116-124, supra.
1544 - Paragraph 438, supra.
1545 - Paragraph 135, supra.
1546 - Paragraph 134, supra.
1547 - Paragraph 136, supra.
1548 - Paragraphs 137-138, supra.
1549 - Paragraph 139, supra.
1550 - Paragraphs 140-141, supra.
1551 - Paragraph 142, supra.
1552 - Paragraph 143, supra.
1553 - Paragraph 142, supra.
1554 - Paragraph 144, supra.
1555 - Paragraph 145, supra.
1556 - Paragraphs 147-165, supra. The Trial Chamber has considered only those detainees nominated by the Prosecution.
1557 - Paragraphs 147-165, supra.
1558 - Paragraphs 311-320, supra.
1559 - See pars 189-307, 320, supra. Again, the Trial Chamber has considered only those detainees nominated by the Prosecution.
1560 - Paragraph 513, supra.
1561 - Delalic Appeal Judgment, par 756.
1562 - Ibid, par 757.
1563 - Ibid, pars 758, 798.
1564 - IT-95-14/1-A.
1565 - IT-96-21-A.
1566 - IT-98-30/1-T.
1567 - Aleksovski Appeal Judgment, par 174.
1568 - Ibid, par 175.
1569 - Ibid, par 175.
1570 - Ibid, par 177.
1571 - Ibid, par 236.
1572 - Aleksovski Trial Judgment, pars 236-237.
1573 - Aleksovski Appeal Judgment, par 183.
1574 - Ibid, par 184.
1575 - Ibid, pars 183, 186-187.
1576 - Ibid, par 190.
1577 - Delalic Appeal Judgment, par 775.
1578 - Delalic Trial Judgment, par 1237.
1579 - This relates to Counts 46 and 47 of the Indictment for which he had also been convicted pursuant to Article 7(3).
1580 - Delalic Appeal Judgment, par 748.
1581 - Delalic Trial Judgment, par 1240.
1582 - Ibid, par 1243.
1583 - Ibid, par 1250.
1584 - Ibid. See also Delalic Appeal Judgment, par 739.
1585 - Delalic Appeal Judgment, par 740.
1586 - Ibid, par 853.
1587 - Prosecutor v Delalic et al, Sentencing Judgment, 9 Oct 2001, par 44.
1588 - Kvocka Trial Judgment, par 410.
1589 - Ibid, par 695.
1590 - The Accused is found guilty pursuant to Article 7.1 in respect of imprisonment and living conditions, and pursuant to Article 7.3 in respect of two incidents of beating (par 5.15 of the Indictment in relation to Dzemo Balic and par 5.23 in relation to FWS-03).
1591 - Those incidents which formed the basis of the persecution charge, namely incident 5.15 in relation to Dzemo Balic and incident 5.23 with respect to FWS-03, do not form part of this conviction.
1592 - Counts 3, 6, 9, 12, 14 and 17, based on allegations of grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, were withdrawn by the Prosecution on 27 Oct 2000.
1593 - On the basis that a conviction on this charge would be impermissibly cumulative.
1594 - On the basis that a conviction on this charge would be impermissibly cumulative.
1595 - Warrant of Arrest, Order for Surrender, 17 June 1997.
1596 - Redacted Indictment, 15 June 1998.
1597 - Order of the President Assigning Case Prosecutor v Milorad Krnojelac to Trial Chamber II, 17 June 1998.
1598 - Order of the President Assigning a Judge to a Trial Chamber, 16 Nov 1998.
1599 - Order of the President Assigning a Judge to a Trial Chamber, 1 Feb 2000.
1600 - Order of the President Assigning a Judge to a Trial Chamber, 3 Apr 2000.
1601 - Decision on the Defence Preliminary Motion on the Form of the Indictment, 24 Feb 1999.
1602 - Prosecutor’s Submission of Amended Indictment, 25 May 1999.
1603 - Decision on Preliminary Motion on Form of Amended Indictment, 11 Feb 2000.
1604 - Prosecution’s Submission of the Second Amended Indictment, 2 Mar 2000.
1605 - Decision on Form of Second Amended Indictment, 11 May 2000.
1606 - Motion to Withdraw Article Two Counts, 27 Oct 2000.
1607 - Prosecution Pre-Trial Brief, 16 Oct 2000.
1608 - Defendant’s Milorad Krnojelac Pre-Trial brief, 21 Oct 2000.
1609 - Prosecution Motion to Protect Witnesses, 16 June 1998 and Order Granting the Prosecutor’s Motion to Protect Victims and Witnesses, 6 Oct 1998.
1610 - Order for Medical Examination of the Accused Milorad Krnojelac, 26 Jan 2001.
1611 - Order Regarding Medical Examination, 5 Feb 2001.
1612 - Ex P 459; Ex D 145A, (T 7968).
1613 - Prosecution’s Second Motion to File a Third Amended Indictment, 25 June 2001. This Indictment incorporates by reference all the schedules that were attached to the second amended indictment.
1614 - T 7765.
1615 - Motion to Re-Open the Prosecution Case, 20 June 2001.
1616 - T 7553.