090114IT

Page 2628

1 Examination by Mr. Thomas:

2 Q. Good morning, Major, are you comfortably settled there?

3 A. [Interpretation] I'm comfortably settled. Thank you.

4 Q. Can you begin, Major, please, with your full name and your date

5 of birth.

6 A. My full name is Hubertus Johannes Wilhelmus Bruurmijn. My date

7 of birth is 21 December 1964.

8 Q. And, sir, what is your current occupation?

9 A. I am a military in the service of the Dutch Defence Services.

10 Q. What is your current rank?

11 A. I am a major.

12 Q. Major, we had listed, I think on our list of witnesses as a

13 lieutenant-colonel. I take it that was premature on our part?

14 A. Yes, unfortunately, it is.

15 Q. Could you tell us, please, a little of your military background

16 prior to your posting to Sarajevo in 1995.

17 A. In January 1984, I entered -- when I had to do the draft I was

18 the platoon commander of a tank platoon, and during that period I liked

19 it so much that I signed on with the military. In 1987, as platoon

20 commander I was stationed for a reconnaissance platoon in Germany. I was

21 there for four years. In 1991, I returned to the Netherlands and went to

22 a training centre to train others. And in 1993, I went to the School of

23 Military Information Services to train people in combat information

24 services.

25 Q. And in 1995, Major, were you posted as part of the UNPROFOR force

Page 2629

1 to Sarajevo?

2 A. That's correct.

3 Q. When did you arrive in Sarajevo?

4 A. I no longer remember the exact date. We initially arrived in

5 Zagreb; I believe that was around 3 April. We spent about two weeks

6 there for some more training, and subsequently some of us went on to

7 Sarajevo, including myself.

8 JUDGE MOLOTO: Can I just get clarification. Was the witness a

9 member of UNPROFOR or UNMO?

10 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] I was UNMO.

11 MR. THOMAS: Thank you, Your Honour.

12 JUDGE MOLOTO: And while we are there, what does the acronym SMID

13 stand for?

14 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] School of Military Information

15 Service.

16 JUDGE MOLOTO: Thank you.

17 You may proceed, Mr. Thomas.

18 MR. THOMAS:

19 Q. Following your training or period in Zagreb, how soon thereafter

20 were you posted to Sarajevo?

21 A. Immediately after the training in Zagreb, which lasted at most

22 two weeks, somewhere between ten days and two weeks.

23 Q. And -- and what role were you posted to in Sarajevo?

24 A. As UNMO, so as United Nations Military Observer.

25 Q. Can you explain, please, for the Trial Chamber what that means.

Page 2630

1 A. As a military observer, you're unarmed and you're part of an

2 international team comprising between 10 and 14 people who were assigned

3 an area to patrol or to observe. I -- you live among the people, so

4 you're not stationed at an UN base, and you have to arrange your

5 accommodations, and from those accommodations either you man an observer

6 post or you patrol the area or you talk to the warring parties.

7 What matters most is to be the eyes and ears of the UN.

8 Q. So specifically what was your function?

9 A. I was a member of an UNMO team, and my main responsibility was to

10 observe and register what happened in the city and to compile a report

11 about that.

12 Q. And who did you report to?

13 A. There was an UNMO organisation sector headquarters in the UN

14 sector headquarters at the PTT building in Sarajevo, and that's where the

15 reports were submitted. Patrol reports were always in writing. Reports

16 of investigations into incidents were also in writing. Only if you were

17 in the observation posts did you submit your reports by radio of shooting

18 incidents.

19 Q. And how long did you stay in Sarajevo?

20 A. All together somewhere between five and six months, except for

21 leave periods.

22 Q. Do you recall the -- the end of the war with the signing of the

23 Dayton Peace Agreement?

24 A. The moment the Dayton negotiations started, my mission ended. I

25 believe that the signatures -- it wasn't -- it wasn't signed until I was

Page 2631

1 back in the Netherlands. As far as I believe.

2 Q. Okay. Can you tell us something about the training you received

3 in Zagreb prior to your arrival in Sarajevo?

4 A. The training in Zagreb comprised various components, general

5 affairs; for example, to see whether driving skills were adequate. You

6 were taught about connecting Motorola equipment used by the UNMOs. Your

7 English skills were tested and you were trained to analyse craters. So,

8 for example, how you could determine from which angle a grenade had been

9 thrown.

10 Q. Now, when you talk about craters, what are you talking about?

11 A. Craters, traces that remained behind, either on paved or unpaved

12 surfaces following a grenade that fell and the impact of a grenade or

13 bottom with the consequence of an artillery or mortar grenade.

14 Q. And, specifically, what was your training in crater analyse

15 designed to enable you to do?

16 A. In crater analysis you learn, first of all, to determine how --

17 to determine what the trail looks like, what the crater looks like. And

18 the shards have flown away from the point of impact, so you learn to see

19 what the front end of the projection was and then you use two wooden

20 stakes to pull a line down the centre, and then you use a compass to

21 determine the main direction, from which the grenade arrived, from which

22 the impact came.

23 So, essentially, crater analysis teaches you to determine the

24 direction of origin of a grenade.

25 Q. Major, the translation I'm getting is that this is in relation to

Page 2632

1 grenades. Was -- was your crater analysis training limited to just an

2 examination of grenade craters or other types of shells?

3 A. It was about explosives that hit the ground from a certain

4 trajectory. They could be mortar or artillery grenades or bombs dropped

5 by air planes as well.

6 Q. During your time in Sarajevo, were you required to conduct crater

7 analyses to determine source or origin of fire?

8 A. Yes. I performed crater analysis both on artillery shootings and

9 mortar shooting and on improvised airplane bombs dropped with MRS

10 rockets.

11 Q. Could you just explain the term you have just given us, regarding

12 the rockets, Colonel -- Major?

13 A. That would be MLRS and that stands for multiple rocket launch

14 system. MLRS and those are ordinarily rockets fired from a vehicle with

15 multiple rockets at once.

16 Q. Major, thank you. I'd like to return to that point a little

17 later on. But, first can you tell us what the -- or describe the

18 situation in Sarajevo when you arrived in late April 1995.

19 A. At that time, a cease-fire was in effect between the warring

20 parties, but shooting incidents regularly erupted between the parties and

21 these shooting incidents on the front lines might last one to ten

22 minutes, and then there was intensive firing.

23 In addition, at that point, many sniper incidents took place, and

24 what was remarkable to me was that the majority or, rather, all victims

25 that we examined were children or elderly people who were clearly present

Page 2633

1 as non-combatants.

2 In other respects the situation was quite surprising in the city

3 because the city had been under siege for three years by then. I

4 expected to arrive in an area where people lived exclusively from

5 shelters, but the population, nonetheless, tried to maintain a normal way

6 of life, although I do have to say that at one moment, things appeared

7 relatively normal in the city; and then, at other moments if there was a

8 threat of shelling or sniping, there would be massive panic, massive

9 fear, and within a minute, the streets could suddenly be empty.

10 Q. Major, just one further point of clarification. You've described

11 events affecting the population of Sarajevo. In what part of Sarajevo

12 are you describing? The part held by which forces?

13 A. My patrol area was limited to the Bosniak area of the city. I

14 was unable to move freely on the Serb side. In addition, the UNMO teams

15 were arranged officially as one team, but one team would have a group on

16 the Serb side and the other part of the team would be on the Bosnian

17 side. I was assigned to the Bosnian side.

18 Q. Now, you have describe add situation of a cease-fire when you

19 first arrived in Sarajevo. Did that cease-fire last?

20 A. No. Some time in late May -- well, you might wonder what is a

21 cease-fire, if firing incidents happened regularly any way. However, by

22 late May, it was clear that the cease-fire was really over. There was

23 one day that both parties fired a lot of mortars and artillery at each

24 other, and from that point onward, it was, once again, an all-out war.

25 Q. From late May until the end of the war in 1995, was there any

Page 2634

1 change in that situation in Sarajevo?

2 A. Yes. First of all, following -- or, rather, I believe it was

3 following that day when everybody started firing mortars and artillery

4 again, the UN issued various ultimatums both to the Bosnian and the Serb

5 sides. These concerned stopping the firing and for the Serbs to remove

6 heavy artillery for several kilometres. I don't remember that off the

7 top of my head anymore how many, but also for the Bosnians to place their

8 artillery in storage sites. And at that point, there were NATO

9 air-strikes.

10 At first, only on the Bosnian Serbs and then another ultimatum

11 was issued and UNMOs were taken hostage by the Serbs and then the run-up

12 to Srebrenica started; and during that period, the incidents shifted from

13 sniping to more shooting mortars to the areas, shooting mortars at the

14 areas, excuse me.

15 In July, Srebrenica happened. After Srebrenica, NATO launched

16 massive air-strikes on the Serb installations and then the Croats started

17 up Operation Storm to conquer Krajina and that took us into August and

18 then October; and at that point it became clear that the Serbs were

19 loosing a lot of ground and the Dayton negotiations began.

20 What you see from April and May up to that period, is a build up

21 of hostilities culminating in the massive intervention by NATO an

22 operation storm by the Croats.

23 Q. How did these events that you described affect or not affect what

24 happened in Sarajevo?

25 A. Yes, there was an effect both on the population, and it also

Page 2635

1 affected the number of incidents that took place in the city. As I said,

2 at first in April and early May there was sniping and incidentally firing

3 interactions on the front line, and then the firing incidents became more

4 intense at the confrontation line. And a Bosnian offensive followed.

5 Initially they gained some ground on the Serbs, but at the end of

6 that day or the day afterwards, the Serbs reversed that. Yes, it

7 certainly affected the population, especially around the fall of

8 Srebrenica. The population felt very much abandoned by the UN, and --

9 MR. GUY-SMITH: I object to the -- to the narrative form of the

10 answer as well as I'd like to get some clarification with regard to -- if

11 at all possible the dates that the witness is speaking to.

12 He has mentioned a Bosnian offensive without a date. Apparently

13 that offensive then was rejected, when that occurred we don't know. Then

14 it moved up to the fall of Srebrenica, which is a different issue in a

15 different location. If we could go perhaps -- proceed by question and

16 answer with regard to the general question that Mr. Thomas has asked

17 concerning the -- how the events affected what happened in Sarajevo would

18 be fine. The answer is somewhat vague and elusive in form.

19 JUDGE MOLOTO: Actually what is your objection? You started off

20 by saying you object to the narrative form of the answer --

21 MR. GUY-SMITH: I'm sorry, I'm sorry. I object to the answer

22 being non-responsive to the question asked and specifically, and it's

23 vague with regard to dates, since we're covering a long period of time

24 here.

25 JUDGE MOLOTO: Mr. Thomas.

Page 2636

1 MR. THOMAS: Well, Your Honour, the answer is certainly

2 responsive to the question that I posed. Clearly more specific details

3 are required, but I was allowing the major to complete his answer before

4 we filled in those gaps. But I recognise that we are getting a very long

5 answer from the major, and I can take him step by step, sir, through

6 the --

7 JUDGE MOLOTO: If you do recognise that, then cut him short where

8 you think he has given you a sufficient answer to your question. Thank

9 you.

10 MR. THOMAS:

11 Q. Major, I'm particularly interested here in the effect upon the

12 civilian population, in terms of how these events translated into any

13 actions, if any, taken against the civilian population of Sarajevo. You

14 described a number of events beginning with the lead-up to Srebrenica and

15 then continuing through to the end of the war. Can you describe for us

16 what happened to the civilian population during that period.

17 A. Initially the civilian population was affected especially by the

18 sniping incidents. This instigated fear among the population. There

19 were several sites in the city where there was an elevated risk of being

20 shot if you even appeared there.

21 In the beginning, and I'm talking about April and early May,

22 utilities in the city such as electricity and gas were available, and, of

23 course, that had -- had an impact on the water facilities as well. After

24 the day of intensive shooting, both the gas and the electricity were cut

25 off from the Serb area. So there was virtually no electricity or gas

Page 2637

1 anymore in the city, and, of course, that negatively affected the

2 population.

3 Q. Now, you described shelling that took place between the two

4 forces in May 1995. Was there any other shelling between the two forces

5 in Sarajevo through to the end of the war?

6 A. Yes. From that period in May, shooting was commonplace at the

7 city, so there were two different aspects here. On the one hand, some of

8 the shooting was directed at military targets, or, rather, short-term

9 military targets, so shooting at a confrontation line to achieve a

10 certain objective or at a vehicle that was positioned somewhere to

11 neutralize that vehicle, but then there were also multiple shells that

12 were fired in rapid succession and then there was some other attacks

13 that, in my view, targeted only the civilian population. Those were

14 single-shell attacks or a single bomb directed at places where there were

15 crowds.

16 Q. How often would these attacks on civilians occur?

17 A. I can't give you exact figures anymore. I don't remember that.

18 When I'm referring to generalities, it wasn't daily, but it did happen

19 several times a week; and the majority of those shooting incidents took

20 place in the older section of Sarajevo. That was not the area where I

21 patrolled. I was at the west of Sarajevo.

22 Q. Do you know what ordnance was used to carry out these attacks

23 against civilians?

24 A. The translation is in error.

25 MR. GUY-SMITH: At this point based upon the witness' previous

Page 2638

1 answer, I'm going to object on the grounds of hearsay.

2 JUDGE MOLOTO: Mr. Thomas.

3 MR. THOMAS: Sir, I can lay a foundation for the question I've

4 asked.

5 JUDGE MOLOTO: By all means.

6 MR. THOMAS:

7 Q. Major, as a -- as an UNMO, were you privy to the reports filed by

8 other UNMOs in -- in Sarajevo?

9 A. Yes. First, you would hear reports over the radio as soon as a

10 shooting incident took place. You could hear that, and all UNMOs were on

11 the same frequency, so you would hear what was happening and where an

12 investigating team had been sent. And in the period of June and July, I

13 spent six weeks at the headquarters or the headquarters sector in

14 Sarajevo as duty officer, and there my responsibility was to set forth in

15 writing reports received over the radio and to draft the daily sitrep and

16 that was also where all written reports were submitted by the teams; and

17 as a consequence that's where I read all filed all written reports as

18 well.

19 JUDGE MOLOTO: What is a sitrep?

20 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] A situation report, explaining what

21 transpired that day in terms of general affairs and incidents and

22 predictions as to what lies ahead in the coming period.

23 JUDGE MOLOTO: May I request that whenever you use acronyms that

24 were peculiar to your situation you explain them to us, sir.

25 MR. THOMAS:

Page 2639

1 Q. Major, then based on your own direct observations and the

2 information you received from other sources, can you describe for us or

3 tell us what type of ordnance was commonly used in the shelling attacks

4 against civilians?

5 A. It -- you mean what kind of munitions? Ordnance is munitions.

6 [In English] Sorry there are some translation problems at this point.

7 JUDGE MOLOTO: You want to switch over to English there.

8 A. The English one which I saw on the screen, I can answer that one.

9 Sorry.

10 [Interpretation] The munitions used for shooting if we're talking

11 about the civilian population, consists primary of mortar shells and

12 several times improvised airplane bombs were used that were driven,

13 powered by MLRS.

14 As far as I can remember, I don't remember artillery shells at

15 the population.

16 Q. When did you first encounter air bombs?

17 A. We were aware from the reports that it was happening both around

18 Sarajevo and elsewhere in Bosnia.

19 MR. GUY-SMITH: It's -- it's --

20 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] On or around.

21 JUDGE MOLOTO: Yes, Mr. Guy-Smith.

22 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] 1 June or 1 July.

23 MR. GUY-SMITH: I'm going to object as non-responsive to the

24 question. The question is, When did you first encounter air bombs.

25 Which is to follow up with something else afterwards, that's fine. But

Page 2640

1 the question is quite specific as to when did this witness first

2 encounter air bombs.

3 JUDGE MOLOTO: Sorry, I just want to understand what

4 Mr. Guy-Smith --

5 MR. GUY-SMITH: The answer is non-responsive to the question

6 propounded. The question is when did you first encounter air bombs?

7 JUDGE MOLOTO: Is that a ground of objection? Surely.

8 MR. GUY-SMITH: The ground is that the answer is non-responsive.

9 JUDGE MOLOTO: Are you objecting to what the witness is saying or

10 are you objecting to what -- [Overlapping speakers]

11 MR. GUY-SMITH: The question is fine. I'm saying that the answer

12 is non-responsive.

13 JUDGE MOLOTO: That's fine. Then just wait for your colleague

14 and see what he does with it.

15 MR. GUY-SMITH: I did wait for my colleague, and my colleague did

16 nothing with it. And because he did nothing with it, I'm moving to limit

17 the witness' answer when the witness is not responding to the question

18 propounded by my colleague.

19 JUDGE MOLOTO: Where did you wait, sir? Because the question was

20 asked at page 14, line 8:

21 "When did you first encounter air bombs."

22 "We were aware from the reports that it was happening both around

23 Sarajevo and elsewhere in Bosnia."

24 And at that time -- and at that time you intervened.

25 MR. GUY-SMITH: That's correct because is not responsive to the

Page 2641

1 question. But the question deals with whether he went and encountered.

2 Does it say time specific question.

3 JUDGE MOLOTO: My points is, you didn't wait for your colleague

4 to correct that.

5 MR. GUY-SMITH: I looked at my colleague, and based upon my

6 perception of my colleague's body language, my colleague was not going to

7 do anything about it.

8 JUDGE MOLOTO: I'm sorry, Mr. Guy-Smith, we don't have the

9 perception of your colleague's body language on the record; so we cannot

10 deal with that at this stage.

11 May you proceed. Objection is overruled.

12 MR. THOMAS:

13 Q. Major, if you could continue with your answer, please.

14 A. Before July 1st, all I have is hearsay as to what type of

15 improvised munitions there might be. On 1 July, there was an explosion

16 there Hrasnica, and I went there; and together with a colleague in the

17 Bosnian authorities, I conducted an investigation, and our conclusion

18 based on that investigation, was that that was an air bomb that was fired

19 by MLRS rockets.

20 Q. Prior to 1st July 1995, through information you received in your

21 capacity as an UNMO, were you aware of air bombs used against the

22 civilian population in Sarajevo?

23 A. Yes, I was.

24 Q. What are air bombs?

25 A. The air bomb we're referring to here are airplane bombs that are

Page 2642

1 ordinarily dropped by an airplane on a target; and in this case, when I

2 am referring to air bombs fired via MLRS rockets, I mean an airplane bomb

3 that MLRS rockets are attached to in some way or another to fire it. So

4 you don't need an airplane to get it to the target.

5 Q. How are they launched, the ones that had been modified in the way

6 you describe?

7 A. The way to launch such bombs is that you need some rails that the

8 bombs and rockets are on top of. They're several metres long. They need

9 to be stable because you don't want the rails to drop halfway through the

10 trajectory. The rails will need to be elevated to achieve an ideal angle

11 for launching the bombs -- rockets because in my view, you can't

12 determine accurately the distance that the bombs will travel. There are

13 multiple procedures for doing this. One is to adjust the angle of the

14 launching rails and the other is changing the location from where you are

15 launching, and what we understood about this an once an UNMO explained

16 this to me who had seen one of the trucks is that the rails were mounted

17 on the rear of an open truck; and that sounds logical to me so that you

18 can displace the rails that way.

19 Q. Which forces had air bombs?

20 A. We never determined that the Bosnian had them or used them. The

21 only site that we determined they were being launched from were the Serb

22 positions, and my colleague that told me he had seen one of those trucks

23 once, he was on the Serb side.

24 Q. Now, the air bombs that were used against the civilians of

25 Sarajevo, which areas did they fall in? Was there a particular area, was

Page 2643

1 it random apparently?

2 A. I know that apparently there was an attempt to use air bombs to

3 destroy the TV station. There were various attempts. One landed passed

4 the TV station; two landed in front of the TV station. One hit an

5 apartment building 25 metres from where I had rented a room, and one

6 landed on Hrasnica, and I conducted that investigation, and based on

7 reports from colleagues, at least one and probably others landed in the

8 old area of Sarajevo.

9 Q. Compared to, say, a mortar which you have described as having

10 been commonly used when civilians were shelled, what -- what is the

11 destructive power of an air bomb?

12 A. The destructive power is several times greater, if we're talking

13 about a mortar shell that might weigh about ten kilograms. The air bomb

14 used in Hrasnica weighed approximately 230 kilograms so it had a fair

15 greater destructive power.

16 Mortar shell can't destroy a house, but an air bomb, if it lands

17 on a house, will destroy the house entirely and surrounding buildings

18 will also incur heavy damages.

19 Q. You've touched on this point already, Major, but can they be

20 launched with any real accuracy?

21 A. The air bomb that I investigated, there was no -- there was no

22 guiding system to change course after it was launched. Ordinarily a MLRS

23 rocket derives its stability either from rotation or from a different

24 way, and the way that the bomb was attached to the rocket excluded

25 rotation and we didn't find any other traces. In my opinion, it's a

Page 2644

1 highly inaccurate weapon, and if you aim to destroy a specific target,

2 that way you'll need do it by trial and error, simply fire it, see where

3 it lands and launch the next one, fire it, see if you had the same

4 deviation and then correct for that deviation.

5 Q. You described the rocket or the air bomb that you investigated as

6 having no guidance system. The other air bomb, the air bombs you have

7 described as having fallen on Sarajevo, are you aware of whether or not

8 any of them had guidance systems?

9 A. Do you mean a different one from the one that landed in Hrasnica.

10 Q. You have spoken of number of air bombs that had fallen on

11 Sarajevo while you were there. Did any of those air bombs have guidance

12 systems to your knowledge?

13 JUDGE MOLOTO: Did the witness investigate those? Or go and

14 observe them.

15 MR. THOMAS: Your Honour, I think he answered it was from

16 information he received but rather than find that point in the transcript

17 I can cover that with him briefly as well.

18 JUDGE MOLOTO: Thank you.

19 MR. THOMAS:

20 Q. Major, you described, in addition to the 1 July air bomb which

21 you personally investigated, you described your knowledge of other air

22 bombs which landed on Sarajevo. Were any of those air bomb incidents

23 ones which you personally attended or investigated?

24 A. No, I didn't conduct any investigations on those. I did see the

25 report about one of those bombs.

Page 2645

1 Q. In relation to that report which you saw, in relation to the

2 other bomb, was there any mention of a guidance system on that air bomb?

3 A. No. That report did not mention a guidance system.

4 Q. In your dealings with other UNMOs, would you -- would you discuss

5 or share information about air bombs or air bomb incidents?

6 A. Yes.

7 Q. Were you ever given information that any air bomb had a guidance

8 system on it?

9 A. No. The only information about that once I saw photographs of

10 one of those air bombs, that was a different model that the one that

11 landed on Hrasnica. There were no indications that that had a guidance

12 system either. And in discussions, the only thing mentioned that -- was

13 that what was found was only mechanical in the sense that the rockets

14 were attached and apparently it was fired according to the principle of,

15 We'll see where that lands and possibly correct the path. But there was

16 never any question of a guidance system being attached to the rockets or

17 the bomb.

18 Q. Major, I'd like to turn now to the 1 July 1995 incident in

19 Hrasnica, of which you've already touched upon.

20 MR. THOMAS: Your Honour, this is scheduled incident number A8.

21 I wonder if we could have 65 ter Exhibit 2719 on the screen, please.

22 And, Your Honours, this is map 8 in the court binder, the Prosecution

23 court binder that has been provided to you.

24 Q. Major, do you have that match on your screen in front of you? Do

25 you recognise that map?

Page 2646

1 A. Yes. That's the map probably at a scale of 1:50.000 of Sarajevo.

2 Q. Sir, at this point, can we please tender the blank map as an

3 exhibit.

4 JUDGE MOLOTO: Map 8, is admitted into evidence. May it please

5 be given an exhibit number?

6 THE REGISTRAR: Your Honours that will be Exhibit P439.

7 JUDGE MOLOTO: Thank you very much.

8 MR. THOMAS: Thank you, Your Honours. Thank you,

9 Madam Registrar.

10 And, Madam Registrar, or Mr. Usher, is there a way we can

11 enlarge, please, the bottom two thirds of the map, please?

12 Q. First of all, Major, can you point out for Their Honours where

13 Hrasnica is on that map?

14 MR. THOMAS: Maybe with the assistance -- we'll do it that way.

15 There is an electronic pen that you use, Major, if Mr. Usher can just

16 provide that to you. And tell us if the need the area enlarged a little

17 more. I think, in fact, that might be useful, Your Honours. Again, the

18 bottom half of the map of Hrasnica, all right.

19 Q. If we enlarge that area a little more, are you able to pinpoint

20 more accurately the scene of the incident on 1 July 1995? And if you

21 can't, please say so?

22 A. I can't do that more accurately. As far as I know that's one of

23 the houses that circles just a tiny bit too high. I think that was one

24 of the houses in the circle. But I cannot tell you 100 percent

25 accurately. I can no longer give the coordinates on the map of that.

Page 2647

1 Q. Before we go any further, could you mark the larger circle you

2 have drawn being the area of Hrasnica, with the letter a?

3 A. [Marks]

4 Q. And could you mark the smaller circle, being the area slightly

5 above, as I understand it, the scene of the air bomb impact as -- as B,

6 please.

7 A. [Marks]

8 JUDGE MOLOTO: Mr. Thomas, six months down the line when we read

9 this map, I'm not -- I can't guarantee I will be able to recognise that

10 structure as an A and a B.

11 MR. THOMAS: All right. I agree, Your Honour.

12 I wonder if we could start again.

13 Could we have P439 up on the screen, please, which is the blank

14 map.

15 JUDGE MOLOTO: [Microphone not activated].

16 MR. THOMAS: Ah, perfect.

17 Q. Can you mark with a cross, please, Major, the scene of the impact

18 as best as you can recall it now.

19 A. [Marks]

20 Q. All right. Thank you.

21 MR. THOMAS: Your Honours, can we tender that marked map as a

22 Prosecution exhibit, please.

23 JUDGE MOLOTO: The marked map is admitted into evidence. May it

24 please be given an exhibit number.

25 THE REGISTRAR: Your Honours, that will be Exhibit P440.

Page 2648

1 JUDGE MOLOTO: Thank you very much.

2 MR. THOMAS: Thank you, Your Honour. Thank you, Madam Registrar.

3 Thank you, Mr. Usher, that is it all we need of your services at

4 the moment.

5 Q. While I'm asking the next series of questions, Your Honours, I

6 wonder if 65 ter 01383 can come up on the screen, page 4 it will take

7 some time to load, so I can use the time with other question.

8 JUDGE MOLOTO: 65 ter?

9 MR. THOMAS: 01383 and the page that I'm looking for, Your

10 Honours is page 4.

11 JUDGE MOLOTO: Thank you very much.

12 MR. THOMAS:

13 Q. First of all, when did you arrive at the scene?

14 A. It was in the evening of 1 July 1995. I no longer remember the

15 exact time, but it would have been around 2100 hours, perhaps a bit

16 later.

17 Q. Is the scene in Bosnian-held part of Sarajevo or the Bosnian

18 Serb-held part of Sarajevo?

19 A. It was in the Bosnian part of Sarajevo.

20 Q. Okay. And what was the purpose of your attendance at the scene?

21 A. Shortly before, there was a radio announcement by

22 Captain Frank Melum of an explosion at his UNMO team site. After that,

23 there were radio reports about injured from his team at that explosion

24 that there was a -- that there was an attack site and that he wanted

25 support at his location and the operations officer, a Danish captain,

Page 2649

1 Hansen, decided that he would head in that direction and he needed

2 somebody to accompany him; and at that precise moment I had finished my

3 duty officer shift, so he asked me to ride with him to Hrasnica, and we

4 -- the two of us got in the car and drove to Hrasnica.

5 Q. And what did you find when you arrived there?

6 A. There was substantial disorder. You see that on the photographs.

7 The top photograph reveals the site where the bomb exploded. There was a

8 shed garage there where you see the crater, and you can see that the

9 house behind it is seriously damaged.

10 The second photograph, and you see a white car in front of that,

11 that's the UNMO team house. He was staying on the first flight up of

12 that home and the ground floor, the landlord and his family lived; and

13 can you see that that building is seriously damaged. The car in front is

14 an UN car and as can you see it is seriously damaged.

15 Before that, when I arrived, there was still an armoured UN car

16 which was admittedly damaged but still drivable, and there was still

17 quite a few people milling about, and the majority of the UNMO team had

18 been evacuated to the hospital and the UNMO team leader,

19 Captain Frank Melum, was also on site. Also on site was the Bosnian

20 chief of police, together with a police officer. They were present in

21 the building.

22 Q. I want to take us through that one step at a time please,

23 Captain.

24 Firstly, Major, sorry. Firstly, if we look at the top photograph

25 on the screen and if that could please be enlarged as much as it can be,

Page 2650

1 Mr. Usher.

2 First of all, you described a garage where the bomb had hit. Do

3 we see the garage in that photograph?

4 A. No. The garage is where -- was where you see the crater. That's

5 where the garage was. At least that is what I was told, because you

6 don't really see much left of that.

7 JUDGE MOLOTO: And where is the crater? Can we point to the

8 crater, please.

9 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] [Marks]

10 MR. THOMAS:

11 Q. Thank you, Major.

12 JUDGE MOLOTO: Thank you.

13 MR. THOMAS:

14 Q. Before we go -- before we go any further, just dealing with the

15 crater, we see quite a large amount of shadowed area where you have

16 marked with the cross. Are you able on that photograph to -- to

17 basically draw the outline of the crater?

18 A. What I've indicated here are the contours and the general debris

19 that you see, to determine from which direction the shell landed. And I

20 could extend that a bit ... [Marks]

21 Q. All right. Thank you, Major. We'll come to your crater analysis

22 in a moment. But if we could scroll down, please, to the second

23 photograph.

24 MR. THOMAS: Sorry, Your Honour, just before we do that, by

25 scrolling are we going to loose -- we are, I'm sorry.

Page 2651

1 Could we produce the marked photograph as an exhibit, please.

2 JUDGE MOLOTO: The marked photograph is admitted into evidence.

3 May it please be given an exhibit number.

4 THE REGISTRAR: Your Honours, that will be Exhibit P441.

5 JUDGE MOLOTO: Thank you very much.

6 MR. THOMAS: Thank you, Your Honour. Thank you, Madam Registrar.

7 Once that's done, Your Honour, could we please scroll down to the

8 second photograph.

9 Q. Now, Major, you describe someone as living in the top floor of

10 that building. You simply described him as he. Can you tell us who

11 occupied the top floor of the building?

12 A. Not the top floor. The first flight up, and that's where the

13 UNMO team resided. Under the aegis of Captain Frank Melum.

14 Q. And on the bottom floor you described the landlord and his family

15 as occupying that building. Is that right?

16 A. That's correct.

17 Q. And where, in relation to the previous photograph we've looked

18 at, is this house?

19 A. Using the previous photograph as a point of reference, this house

20 is to the left of that.

21 Q. If we scroll up, please, Mr. Usher, to the first photograph.

22 On the far edge, left hand edge of that photograph, do we see the

23 end of the same building, the UNMO building?

24 A. Yes, that would be the same house.

25 Q. Thank you.

Page 2652

1 MR. THOMAS: Your Honours, could we produce this page of two

2 photographs as a Prosecution Exhibit.

3 JUDGE MOLOTO: The two photographs are admitted into evidence as

4 an exhibit. May it please be given an exhibit number.

5 THE REGISTRAR: That would be exhibit P442, Your Honours.

6 JUDGE MOLOTO: Thank you very much.

7 MR. THOMAS: Thank you, Your Honour, Madam Registrar.

8 Q. As part of your duties at the scene, were you required to

9 investigate what had caused this damage?

10 A. Not at first. Ultimately, however -- no, excuse me. After all,

11 we were there to provide backup for Frank Melum's team but because all

12 his team members were either injured or no longer wanted to remain at

13 that site, I spent the night near Frank, and Frank did indeed have to

14 conduct the investigation of the impact and ordinarily these

15 investigations are conducted with more than one UNMO and I was the only

16 UNMO present, so that is why it was my duty to assist Frank the next

17 morning with the investigation.

18 Q. Were there casualties from this explosion?

19 A. Yes. Several UNMOs were injured by glass shards and in the

20 adjacent some people were injured as well. I'm not sure whether there

21 were any casualties.

22 Q. You mean casualties in the sense of fatalities?

23 A. That's correct.

24 Q. Okay. When did you conduct -- before I move on to the -- before

25 I move on to that.

Page 2653

1 Besides the damage to the building, or buildings, and besides the

2 obvious dealing with those injured, were there -- was there a lot of

3 activity around the scene when you arrived that evening?

4 A. There were still quite a few people out on the street. By then,

5 the police had calmed down and stabilized the area and didn't allow

6 anybody near the crater or into the house because shortly before that,

7 there had been at least two moments at which people tried to attack the

8 team.

9 Q. Okay. Which team?

10 A. The UNMO team.

11 Q. All right. Once the area was secured, did you spend the night in

12 the UNMO house with Captain Melum?

13 A. Yes, I spent the night there. Captain Melum was worried that if

14 he left his team's site he would lose all the materials still present

15 there, given the two previous efforts to attack, so the population was

16 not truly favourably disposed because they assumed that the UNMO team or

17 the UN had been the target of that attack. So the captain was worried

18 that if he abandoned that team location, he would not be able to use that

19 location again, as the location for his team. That's the reason we spent

20 the night there and you wouldn't abandon an UNMO, you wouldn't leave him

21 alone at such a location.

22 Q. During the course of the evening, we don't need to go into what

23 Captain Melum told you, but during the course of the evening did you

24 discuss with Captain Melum what had occurred with the impact and the

25 aftermath?

Page 2654

1 A. Yes. We spent quite a while in the house clearing things up and

2 trying to correct things and damage, and we spoke extensively about what

3 had happened and what the consequences were and what would be possible

4 for the team in the future.

5 Q. The next morning then, did you and Captain Melum conduct an

6 investigation of the -- of the site?

7 A. Yes. We both conducted an analysis of the crater. At first, the

8 local police started analysing the crater, and we attended that and

9 examined what they did and then repeated that for ourselves, so that we

10 would have our own results as well.

11 Q. And when you say the local investigators, do you know which

12 organisation or agency they were from?

13 A. Yes, the local police. The Hrasnica chief of police was present

14 and his investigators performed the investigation.

15 Q. Now, in terms of your own investigation, in general terms, what

16 did you do? How did you conduct that investigation?

17 A. First you examined the dispersion pattern from the depth of the

18 crater, and you examine the pattern that the earth displaced the

19 wreckage, and you take a point of reference and from that point of

20 reference you move backward and you can span a line between that and then

21 you use your compass to establish the shooting direction and the path of

22 origin of the projectile; and then you look further into the hole to find

23 shards and other bits to see what type of projectile it was.

24 Q. Was -- was this the standard methodology that you had been

25 trained to employ?

Page 2655

1 A. Yes, that's how we learned it, and we had received an

2 instructional [as interpreted] map instructing that, if after a while,

3 you didn't know with 100 percent accuracy to do it then you could check

4 your map of instructions.

5 MR. THOMAS: Your Honours, I note the time. I'm just about to go

6 into the findings and now would be an appropriate time to stop.

7 JUDGE MOLOTO: Thank you very much. We will take a break and

8 come back at a quarter to 11.00.

9 Court adjourned.

10 --- Recess taken at 10.15 a.m.

11 --- On resuming at 10.46 a.m.

12 JUDGE MOLOTO: Mr. Thomas.

13 MR. THOMAS: Thank you, Your Honour.

14 Your Honours, could we please have 65 ter number 08595 on the

15 screen, please, page 2 of the English and page 2 of the B/C/S.

16 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] I'd like to make a brief remark.

17 I see a small error in the translation on the transcript that

18 appears on my screen.

19 JUDGE MOLOTO: Where, sir?

20 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] The English translation reads an

21 instructional map. The English word shouldn't be instructional map it

22 should be aide-memoire. Map refers to a map, and this is an

23 aide-memoire, so a list of instructions.

24 JUDGE MOLOTO: Thank you, sir.

25 Yes, Mr. Thomas.

Page 2656

1 MR. THOMAS: Thank you, sir.

2 Q. Major, we have a document in English and in B/C/S on the screen

3 in front of you. Is this a document that you were able to review

4 yesterday?

5 A. That's correct.

6 Q. Okay. And this was not a report that you yourself prepared. Is

7 that right?

8 A. That's also correct.

9 Q. But upon reviewing the contents of this document, and I'm talking

10 about the three pages that constitute the team report.

11 MR. THOMAS: So I wonder if we could just go through the next --

12 or just briefly have the next two pages up on the screen as well, Your

13 Honour, please, one after another. And just, finally, the third page of

14 that same document.

15 Q. Now, that is a -- a report that records the observations and

16 comments of the UNMOs who were present at the house at the time of the

17 explosion; is that right?

18 A. That's correct.

19 Q. Although you yourself did not prepare this report, to the

20 contents, nevertheless, are they consist with what Captain Melum

21 described to you throughout the course of the evening you spent with him

22 and your own observations, both that night and the day after?

23 A. Yes, that's correct.

24 MR. THOMAS: I'd like to turn, Your Honours, please, to page 7 of

25 the same document, both page 7 in the English and page 7 in the B/C/S.

Page 2657

1 Q. Major, do you recognise this document?

2 A. Yes, I do. That's the report following the crater analysis and,

3 as you can see, my signature appears at the bottom right. I signed that

4 as well.

5 Q. That contains what you found and a record of your findings, in

6 terms of direction of fire; is that right?

7 A. That's correct, and that also indicates what type of bomb was

8 used.

9 Q. I want you to look at paragraph 2, please. And is there a

10 correction that you would like to maybe to paragraph 2?

11 A. Yes. I see there it reads that we believed - how should I put

12 this? - that the bomb and the driving object were deliberately released

13 during the trajectory. I don't believe that's correct. I don't think it

14 was deliberate. I think that the propulsion of the -- was released

15 during the trajectory but that it was not deliberate.

16 Q. Does that correction in any way affect your conclusions as to

17 source or direction of fire?

18 A. No, that would not affect them.

19 JUDGE MOLOTO: Mr. Thomas, I have difficulty with that

20 correction. My difficulty arises from the fact that this -- at the

21 bottom of this report, it is signed by two people and the core author is

22 not here to confirm the correction. What do we do about that?

23 MR. THOMAS: Maybe we can -- I can discuss the reason for the

24 correction a little with the Major, sir, and that might allow

25 Your Honours to resolve that conflict.

Page 2658

1 JUDGE MOLOTO: I doubt it. I think I would need the core author

2 also to confirm the resolution of the problem.

3 MR. THOMAS: I can take it as far as I can with him, sir, and see

4 where that gets us.

5 JUDGE MOLOTO: We are in your hands.

6 MR. THOMAS: Thank you, sir.

7 Q. You've described that the weapon involved was an air bomb and

8 given the details of that particular part of the projectile in your

9 report, and you also described that it had attached to it a rocket

10 assembly made up a pair of three different calibre rockets.

11 Can you explain to us what you found, in relation to the bomb, on

12 the one hand, and the rocket assembly on the other?

13 A. First of all, there were not three different calibres of rockets;

14 there were only two calibres. During the crater analysis, we found only

15 parts of the bomb, no tail piece that would ordinarily be attached to a

16 bomb, exclusively the smooth body of the bomb, nor did we find any item

17 such as electronic devices or other mechanical means to indicate that you

18 want the bottom to do something after a certain period of time, other

19 than the delayed mechanism causing the bomb to explode.

20 The rockets that we found, those were six MLRS rockets, and there

21 was a type of adapter plate that was used to attach the rockets to the

22 body of the bomb, and we did not observe any traces of an explosion there

23 or of anything to ensure a mechanical release. To me, that suggests that

24 there was a -- either a small explosion that separated the two or that

25 there was some timed released mechanism and that's why I don't entirely

Page 2659

1 agree with what I signed at the time in paragraph 2; namely, a deliberate

2 release of -- between the propulsion and the explosive.

3 Q. If there had been a release mechanism attached to this

4 projectile, would you have expected to have found any traces of that?

5 JUDGE MOLOTO: Yes Mr. Guy-Smith.

6 MR. GUY-SMITH: I'll let it go.

7 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] Yes. As I said previously, you

8 would have needed to see something at the attachment plate that would

9 have attached the rockets to the body of the bomb, or you would have seen

10 traces of a small explosive charge being detonated that separated the

11 two, and nothing along those lines was visible there.

12 MR. THOMAS:

13 Q. If you had found something of that nature, would that have been

14 recorded in a report such as this?

15 A. Yes. Specifically because that indicates how something is

16 launched or how the distance of such a projectile could be determined.

17 Distance might not be the correct word. It would be the effective

18 conveyance.

19 Q. Major, the translation I got was "effective conveyance." What do

20 you mean by that?

21 A. [In English] Effective conveyance well, I don't know the word

22 conveyance in this setting, but it would be the effective range or range

23 which you want to achieve.

24 Q. All right. Thank you, Major.

25 MR. THOMAS: Can we turn to the next page, please, Your Honours.

Page 2660

1 I'm sorry, we'll need page 9 in the B/C/S. No, my apologies. We have

2 the right page. And if the sketch could please be rotated.

3 Q. Do you recognise that sketch, Major?

4 A. Yes. [Interpretation] Yes, that's a sketch that I drew myself.

5 Q. All right. Of?

6 A. That's the sketch reflecting our assessment of how the complete

7 projectile appeared when it was launched, of which only the air bomb

8 impacted next to the house where the UNMOs were and the base plate

9 that -- and the rockets as they were found, 150 metres in front of it.

10 Q. Thank you.

11 MR. THOMAS: Your Honours, could we please produce or tender

12 pages 2 through to 8 of 65 ter 8595 as an exhibit, please.

13 JUDGE MOLOTO: Mr. Thomas, all those pages that you are referring

14 to mentioned at various places, various kind of -- kinds of acronyms,

15 which I don't understand. If you look at the team report itself, from

16 the beginning of the report, in the last line of paragraph 2, there's SX

17 acronym. In the next paragraph, there's R2 at SX.

18 MR. THOMAS: Yes, sir.

19 JUDGE MOLOTO: I don't know what R2 is. The next page is R1 and

20 DO at the bottom of the page. These are all acronyms that I'm not going

21 to know what they mean when I do read this report later, and I don't know

22 whether you are able to help us through this witness.

23 MR. THOMAS: I can certainly try to do that, sir.

24 Could we please begin with -- could we please have two up on the

25 screen.

Page 2661

1 Q. Now, Major, you will see in the second-to-last line of

2 paragraph 2, a reference to Captains Melum and Hache. Is that how you

3 pronounce his name?

4 A. Yes.

5 Q. Helped return them while Captain Silva reported the situation to

6 SX."

7 Do you know what SX stands for?

8 A. Yes. Sierra/X-ray was the call sign of the UNMO sector

9 headquarters in Sarajevo, so it was a radio call sign.

10 Q. If we go to the second to last line of the next paragraph, there

11 is another reference to Captain Melum calling R2 at SX. Do you know what

12 R2 at SX denotes. We know what SX is; what is R2?

13 A. R2 was the radio call sign of one of the operations officers,

14 Romeo 1 was the call sign of a different operations officer. So those

15 denote officers.

16 Q. If we go to the next page, please, Madam Registrar, the last line

17 of that page -- sorry the last paragraph of that page, we see the

18 reference to DO.

19 A. DO is the abbreviation denotes duty officer.

20 Q. And in the final line of the same document on the next page, do

21 we see -- I'm sorry, we see the reference to MPs.

22 A. MP is the abbreviation for military police.

23 Q. Okay. Can we go, please, to page 7, which is your crater

24 analysis.

25 First entry paragraph 1, under paragraph 1 we see grid BP 839,

Page 2662

1 525. Can you tell us, please, what that refers to?

2 A. Grid Bravo Papa and then the numbers denote the coordinates to

3 100 metres accuracy on the map.

4 THE INTERPRETER: Excuse me, the coordinates.

5 MR. THOMAS:

6 Q. Paragraph 2, that is main paragraph 2, not bracket paragraph 2.

7 We have reference to: "The weapon observed in flight by OP 4."

8 What is OP 4?

9 A. OP 4 denotes observation post number 4. That would have been one

10 of the observation posts manned by UNMOs.

11 Q. Thank you, Major. I hope I have covered them all sufficiently,

12 Your Honour.

13 JUDGE MOLOTO: Thank you, Mr. Thomas.

14 MR. THOMAS: Thank you. In which case could we please produce

15 pages 2 to 8.

16 JUDGE MOLOTO: Pages 2 to 8 -- sorry. When you say pages 2, do

17 you mean the -- starting from team report.

18 MR. THOMAS: Yes, sir. I didn't refer to the cover page.

19 JUDGE MOLOTO: Okay. Pages 2 to 8 of that document are admitted

20 into evidence. May it please be given an exhibit number.

21 THE REGISTRAR: That will be Exhibit P443, Your Honours.

22 JUDGE MOLOTO: Thank you very much.

23 MR. THOMAS: Thank you, Your Honour.

24 Q. Now we know that your conclusion was that this was an air bomb

25 modified in the way that have you described?

Page 2663

1 JUDGE MOLOTO: Excuse me, sorry, Mr. Thomas.

2 Madam Registrar, the transcript says that will be Exhibit 443.

3 Is it 443 or 433?

4 THE REGISTRAR: It is 443, Your Honours.

5 JUDGE MOLOTO: 443. Thank you so much.

6 You play proceed, Mr. Thomas.

7 MR. THOMAS:

8 Q. Major, can you please explain for us your conclusion as to the

9 line of fire. Where -- what direction had this air bomb come from? And

10 tell us if you need to refer to your analysis.

11 A. First, on the morning of 2 July, we performed the crater analysis

12 and that analysis yielded a direction, and if I'm correct it was between

13 280 and 320 degrees. The only reason I still remember that is because I

14 re-read the reports again yesterday. My memory is not that great. The

15 place where the rockets were found, so from the propulsion system at

16 approximately 150 metres from where the bomb exploded is along the same

17 lines so between 280 and 320 degrees; and if you carry that through, and

18 look at the observations from the observation post 4, then everything is

19 consistent, and there was nothing contradicting the conclusion that --

20 that the angle was between 280 and 320.

21 Q. Are you able to say, having made those findings, where the source

22 of fire was?

23 A. That would have been the Ilidza area, which was then in the hands

24 of the Bosnian Serbs.

25 MR. THOMAS: I wonder if we could have Exhibit P440 on the

Page 2664

1 screen, please.

2 Q. Major, you will recognise this as the map you had earlier marked

3 with the impact site. What I'd like to you do is identify for us on the

4 map where you considered the source of fire to be.

5 MR. THOMAS: And if we could have the left-hand half of the map

6 blown up, please.

7 A. The Ilidza area is approximately that area.

8 Q. Would you mark that, please, with the letter I, so we can

9 distinguish it from the other marking that we have there.

10 A. [Marks]

11 MR. THOMAS: And can we produce that, Your Honours, as a

12 Prosecution Exhibit.

13 JUDGE MOLOTO: The map as marked.

14 MR. THOMAS: The map as marked for the second time.

15 JUDGE MOLOTO: The map as marked for the second time as admitted

16 as an exhibit. May it please be given an exhibit number.

17 THE REGISTRAR: Your Honours, that will be Exhibit P444.

18 JUDGE MOLOTO: Thank you very much.

19 MR. THOMAS: Thank you, Mr. Usher, that's ... thank you,

20 Mr. Usher.

21 Q. Major, in the area where the air bomb landed, were there any

22 military targets?

23 A. At the exact site where the air bomb landed were no military

24 targets as far as I know. The only target of military value in the

25 surroundings was the Famos factory where I have heard that the Bosniaks

Page 2665

1 to produce munitions or weapons.

2 Q. And how far was this area which was hit by the air bomb from the

3 Famos factory?

4 A. I couldn't give you a precise answer. I would have to guess.

5 Q. Was it on the same firing line?

6 A. Approximately.

7 Q. I want to look, please, at document number 65 ter 04799, please.

8 MR. THOMAS: If we could have that on the screen.

9 MR. GUY-SMITH: Before there's any answer given, I would object

10 to the relevance of this document being shown to this witness at this

11 time and ask for an offer of proof and any arguments to be made be made

12 outside the presence of the witness.

13 JUDGE MOLOTO: Mr. Thomas.

14 MR. THOMAS: I have no objection. I do want to be heard on the

15 matter, sir. I have no objection to the major leaving the courtroom

16 while we engage in that discussion.

17 JUDGE MOLOTO: Mr. Bruurmijn, can you excuse us for some few

18 minutes. We'll call you back.

19 [The witness stands down]

20 JUDGE MOLOTO: Yes, Mr. Guy-Smith.

21 MR. GUY-SMITH: As I understand the exhibit being shown, this

22 exhibit involves an order dated the 6th of April, 1995 from

23 Dragomir Milosevic. We are dealing with an incident in July of 1995, and

24 based upon a plain reading of the order itself, it has no relevance to

25 the questions that have been asked of this particular gentleman. And

Page 2672

1 JUDGE MOLOTO: Thank you very much.

2 Mr. Guy-Smith.

3 Cross-examination by Mr. Guy-Smith:

4 MR. GUY-SMITH: Thank you.

5 Q. Major, I would like to start off where you just left off, with

6 regard to the document that was just up on the screen, and as I

7 understand it, you were given the document while you were involved in a

8 proofing session; correct?

9 A. The session yesterday afternoon. Yes, that's correct, or rather,

10 yesterday morning.

11 Q. And before you were given the document, were any comments made to

12 you about the purpose of you reviewing that document?

13 A. No.

14 Q. Was it handed to you in a series of other documents?

15 A. Yesterday morning, I was presented with multiple documents. This

16 one was among them.

17 Q. And when you read it yesterday morning, after you read it, did

18 you have occasion to comment to anybody concerning what you'd read?

19 A. I made a remark about this document to the Prosecutor.

20 Q. And who was that?

21 A. The man seated at my right.

22 Q. For the record -- could you identify for the record, that's

23 Mr. Thomas; correct?

24 A. That's correct.

25 Q. And when you made a comment concerning this document, what did

Page 2673

1 you tell Mr. Thomas?

2 A. I was surprised that this document existed because from my

3 perception it was extremely stupid as a commander to set this assignment

4 forth in writing.

5 Q. Is that what you told Mr. Thomas yesterday?

6 A. Yes, I did.

7 Q. Did you discuss whether or not you would be testifying at all

8 about this document when you came to court?

9 A. Mr. Thomas told me that he might present this document at the

10 hearing to me the next day.

11 Q. Apart from telling Mr. Thomas that you thought it was an

12 extremely stupid thing to do, was there any other discussion with regard

13 to your review of this document during your proofing session before you

14 came to court?

15 A. Mr. Thomas asked me the same question that he did -- that he just

16 asked me here in court, whether this assignment corresponds with -- or

17 correlates with the conclusions I reached following my investigation of

18 the aerial bomb.

19 Q. And what did you tell him?

20 A. I gave him the same answer as I just gave now: Yes, this does

21 correspond.

22 Q. How long was your proofing session yesterday?

23 A. I arrived in this building at about 10.30, and the session lasted

24 until 12.00 or 12.15.

25 Q. And after the session was over, was a document compiled for your

Page 2674

1 review and signature concerning the meeting that you'd had with

2 Mr. Thomas?

3 A. That's correct. The signature session took place that afternoon,

4 after 1400 hours.

5 Q. And the document that you read was a document that you read in

6 English; correct? The signature session? You read a document concerning

7 what you had discussed with Mr. Thomas. That document was in English;

8 correct?

9 A. That's correct.

10 Q. You had no difficulty reading that document, now, did you?

11 A. That's also correct.

12 Q. And you understood the information that was contained in the

13 document as representing a complete recitation of the information that

14 you had discussed with Mr. Thomas during your proofing session; correct?

15 And by complete I don't mean verbatim. I don't mean word for

16 word. I mean topics. It covered topics and articulated the topics that

17 you had discussed with Mr. Thomas; correct?

18 For example, this order. For example, the document that we have

19 been referring to, the one that you believe to be stupid.

20 A. I couldn't say with 100 percent accuracy whether that document

21 was listed as well. It wasn't clear to me that the document being

22 compiled was intended as a reflection of everything discussed at the

23 time. We reviewed previous statements of mine and those statements were

24 set forth in writing and I signed them.

25 Q. Well, within the context of the information that you reviewed

Page 2675

1 yesterday and that you discussed with Mr. Thomas, you made some very

2 specific remarks with regard to the 1st of July, 2nd of July, 1995,

3 crater analysis, didn't you?

4 A. That's correct.

5 Q. And you included in that the following, which is the findings of

6 the Bosnian police, your own crater analysis, the radio message of an

7 UNMO who had heard rockets launched from Ilidza the night before enabled

8 you to make a determination about the source and method of fire; right?

9 That's what you said.

10 A. That's correct.

11 Q. Did you not include in any manner, shape or form the analysis

12 that you just went through with us today concerning this particular

13 order, did you?

14 JUDGE MOLOTO: Yes, Mr. Thomas.

15 MR. THOMAS: I would direct my -- I'm sorry, Your Honours. If my

16 learned friend has the proofing note, I would direct him to the entries

17 under 65 ter number 4799 on page 2.

18 MR. GUY-SMITH: I'm looking at them.

19 MR. THOMAS: Okay. In that case, I object to the question and

20 the manner that has been put, Your Honour. If my learned friend has a

21 proposition to put to the witness about just how much he spoke or just

22 how much is recorded in the proofing note about this order, then he

23 should put the contents of the proofing note in that respect to

24 Major Bruurmijn first.

25 MR. GUY-SMITH: He has told us that you engaged in a question and

Page 2676

1 answer -- excuse me. I don't wish to argue with Mr. Thomas.

2 The witness has told us that they engaged in a

3 question-and-answer proceeding with regard to this order, and as I am

4 reading this particular document, page 2, I -- if what you are suggesting

5 is the language. The witness confirms this document is consistent with

6 the July 1st scenario as being the sum total of the information.

7 I need some help here from Mr. Thomas.

8 JUDGE MOLOTO: I'm sorry. You realise that you gentlemen, the

9 three of you, are talking about a document to which the Bench is not

10 privy.

11 MR. GUY-SMITH: I appreciate that.

12 JUDGE MOLOTO: And I don't know what you're talking about.

13 MR. GUY-SMITH: Okay.

14 JUDGE MOLOTO: And it's going to make it very difficult for this

15 Bench to rule on something that we don't know nothing about. We are told

16 that there is a reference to 65 ter 04799 to the extent that we able to

17 determine what that is supposed to mean. This is supposed to be this

18 document that is now in dispute.

19 MR. GUY-SMITH: Let me give assistance in that regard, Your

20 Honour because I didn't -- I didn't believe I would be in this particular

21 situation today.

22 Q. The proofing note indicates that you confirm that this document

23 is consistent with the July 1st scenario. That's what the proofing note

24 says. When you signed the proofing note, did you understand that to mean

25 that that dealt with the question and answer colloquy that you went

Page 2677

1 through with Mr. Thomas concerning the order of Dragomir Milosevic.

2 JUDGE MOLOTO: Mr. Guy-Smith, before the witness answers, you had

3 put a proposition to the witness that the document on the screen, which

4 is no longer there, had never been mentioned in the proofing note. Your

5 colleague referred you to the part of the proofing note that refers to 65

6 ter 04799.

7 MR. GUY-SMITH: I understand -- I understand the Court's concern,

8 and I'm modifying the line of examination.

9 JUDGE MOLOTO: Thank you very much. You may proceed.

10 MR. GUY-SMITH: Thank you.

11 Q. Do have you my question in mind or shall I?

12 A. [In English] No, I'm fine.

13 Q. Or -- I thought that might be the case.

14 MR. GUY-SMITH: Could we have 65 ter 04799 back up on the screen.

15 Q. Okay. When you -- after you read the document and you had made

16 the comment that you had made about the document, which is that you

17 thought it was stupid, you and Mr. Thomas had a conversation concerning

18 potential questions he might ask you and answers you would give

19 concerning this particular document; correct?

20 A. [Interpretation] That's a very long question. Mr. Thomas asked

21 me whether it was consistent with the findings established on 1 and 2

22 July, 1995, and indicated that he might use this document before the

23 Court. I don't remember any more questions that he asked about that

24 document along the lines of, And I'm going to ask you that question

25 tomorrow. He showed me the document and said, I might be using this in

Page 2678

1 court tomorrow.

2 Q. And when you -- when you -- when you saw the document and heard

3 him say that, what was your response to him, with regard to the use of

4 this document? Did you say, Well, this document confirms my findings?

5 A. I said that this document corresponded with what I observed on 1

6 and 2 July, and I expressed surprise at the content of the document.

7 Q. And that's what you told us before, with regard to the wisdom of

8 having such a document in existence?

9 A. Correct.

10 JUDGE MOLOTO: Major Bruurmijn, when you nod, it doesn't get

11 recorded that you are agreeing, so could you also say yes or no to

12 indicate whether you are agreeing or disagreeing.

13 A. I will.

14 JUDGE MOLOTO: Thank you, thank you.

15 MR. GUY-SMITH:

16 Q. From June -- if I understood your testimony correctly. Not from

17 June, in June and July you had the duty to draft daily sitreps for your

18 unit; is that correct?

19 A. In that period, I was a duty officer, and one of my tasks was to

20 prepare the daily UNMO headquarters Sarajevo Sector sitrep.

21 Q. And that was something that you did every day for the month of

22 June and for two weeks in the month of July; is that a fair statement?

23 A. That's correct.

24 Q. You prepared a specific sitrep concerning the July 1st incident

25 that you investigated; correct?

Page 2679

1 A. No. I don't think I was the one who compiled that sitrep, but

2 that was because I was in the field with the UNMO team, and therefore was

3 not at the headquarters as duty officer.

4 Q. Did you have a chance before that sitrep went out to take a look

5 at what was memorialised with regard to the July 1st incident?

6 A. No, I did not see Frank Melum compile the draft.

7 Q. And have you had an occasion at any time since the July 1st

8 incident to take a gander at that particular sitrep? Sorry gander is a

9 bit informal, take a look at?

10 A. Yes. Because from 2 July, I was, once again, active as the duty

11 officer, and all reports submitted in writing were physically present at

12 the Sector HQ in Sarajevo.

13 Q. Thank you. You told us that -- that the day when everybody

14 started firing mortars and artillery again - this is on page 9 - the UN

15 issued various ultimatums both to the Bosnian and Serb sides.

16 A. That's correct.

17 Q. What ultimatums did the United Nations issue?

18 A. I can't give you a precise renditions of the ultimatums, but the

19 gist was that the heavy weapons either had to be removed from a certain

20 range around the city. That wasn't possible for the Bosnian side. They

21 didn't control that part of the city. And the Bosnians units had to

22 place their weapons in UN storage sites, and if that didn't happen, then

23 NATO air-strikes might follow.

24 Q. Were you aware that, on July 2nd, a weekly situation report was

25 issued concerning the question of Bosnian heavy weapons operating from

Page 2680

1 near UNPROFOR facilities having significantly increased.

2 A. Not on that specific date, but I know that in that period, the

3 Bosniaks were firing mortars to the Serb side. One of the mortar

4 installations of the Bosniaks was 50 metres next to the PTT building,

5 which were the sector headquarters of the UN in Sarajevo; and I know that

6 they were fired from that position, but I can't give you an exact date.

7 JUDGE MOLOTO: What is the PTT building; what does PTT stand for?

8 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] Post telegraph and something else.

9 The former postal building in Sarajevo that was -- that during the war

10 was set up as sector headquarters by the UN.

11 JUDGE MOLOTO: Thank you.

12 Yes, Mr. Guy-Smith.

13 MR. GUY-SMITH: Could we have 1D00-4539, page 3 in e-court. And

14 I'm referring to the bottom of the page. If we could have the very last

15 part of the page where it says location of Bosnian weapons a problem,

16 made a little bit larger.

17 Q. Is this information, the information that is contained there,

18 which is:

19 "Since the Bosnian offensive began two weeks ago the number of

20 Bosnian heavy weapons operating from near UNPROFOR facilities has

21 significantly increased?

22 "Some people in UNPROFOR see this as an effort by the Bosnians to

23 draw counter-battery fire on to UNPROFOR which would then be drawn into

24 convict with the Serbs. Others note that there has been a general

25 increase in the number of activity weapons and that the density of heavy

Page 2681

1 weapons is not greater around UNPROFOR facilities than it is elsewhere."

2 Is this something that you in your capacity for UNMO as an

3 observer had cause to discuss or have concern about, in terms of trying

4 to make intelligence decisions about what was going on, on a day-to-day

5 basis?

6 A. This was certainly cause for concern among the UNMOs, including

7 me. I just mentioned that a mortar was positioned next to the UN sector

8 headquarters in Sarajevo. The observation post of the team to which I

9 pertained before I became a duty officer and to which I returned

10 afterwards, there was a mortar installation 50 metres away from the

11 observation post. So, yes, we were concerned about that.

12 Q. And just for purposes of clarity of the record, I'm sure that my

13 colleague will agree, the date of this report is dated 2nd of July, 1995,

14 and if the Bench would like to see, we can pull up page 1, just so that

15 you can see the date.

16 Looking at the up at the right-hand corner where it says: Date.

17 Could you confirm for us that the date of this report is the 2nd of July,

18 1995?

19 A. Yes, I can confirm that.

20 Q. Thank you very much.

21 Now, in terms of -- in terms of dealing with the issue of

22 ultimatums, were you in a position where you heard that the

23 United Nations was issuing ultimatums with regard to what NATO was going

24 to do, or whether there was some -- the division as between

25 United Nations and NATO, in terms of ultimatums?

Page 2682

1 A. The ultimatums issued were issued by the UN to the warring

2 parties because they realised that having an ultimatum and deploying the

3 means mentioned in this ultimatum; namely air-strikes would severely

4 affect the units on the ground. That's why we were informed when an

5 ultimatum was issued and when it would expire. We were given a list with

6 code words that we could refer to when we heard a certain code word. On

7 the radio, for example, we knew that a ultimatum had expired and that

8 within 24 hours, air-strikes might follow; and then there was another

9 code word indicating that an air-strike would ensue within a shorter

10 number of hours. So, yes, we were aware that ultimatums had been issued

11 as well as the time-frame for potential air-strikes.

12 Q. Could you tell us as you sit here today how many ultimatums you

13 recall being issued that passed, before there was ultimately an

14 air-strike? Put in other terms, how many times you heard a code word

15 that says --

16 JUDGE MOLOTO: I didn't hear that; what's the question?

17 MR. GUY-SMITH:

18 Q. Or how many times you heard a code word that said and I went

19 "wheeee," which obviously won't translate on the record, but gave you

20 some relief that there would be no bombing from international forces?

21 A. I couldn't tell that anymore. What I remember that is on three

22 occasions ultimatums expired and was followed by air-strikes, but I can't

23 give you an exact number now.

24 JUDGE MOLOTO: Were you given a code word when nothing was going

25 to happen?

Page 2683

1 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] I can't remember anymore. We were

2 given code words indicating the number of hours within which something

3 would take place. I don't remember there being a code word that -- to

4 indicate that an operation had been cancelled.

5 JUDGE MOLOTO: Thank you.

6 MR. GUY-SMITH:

7 Q. So if an ultimatum, once again we're speaking a bit

8 hypothetically because you can't remember. But you do recall ultimatums

9 being given; correct?

10 A. Correct.

11 Q. And are you testifying now that every time you recall an

12 ultimatum being given during your tour in the region, that there was an

13 air-strike?

14 A. No.

15 Q. On those occasions when an ultimatum was given, and there was no

16 air-strike, how did you receive information regarding the fact that the

17 ultimatum had been satisfied, through other negotiations or something

18 else had taken place whereby they were not going to be engaging in

19 air-strikes? How did that happen?

20 JUDGE MOLOTO: I just asked the question and he said no such word

21 was given.

22 MR. GUY-SMITH: I understand that he didn't have a code word, so

23 I'm trying to find out if there was some other method of communication

24 they engaged in, apart from just a code word.

25 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] The only thing I can remember is

Page 2684

1 that sometimes ultimatums expired or, rather, you knew the date and the

2 time that the ultimatum was supposed to expire; and sometimes we heard

3 that it had been extended to give parties additional time, but I can't

4 remember any indication that an ultimatum had expired but that no

5 air-strike would follow.

6 MR. GUY-SMITH:

7 Q. So if there was a modification of the ultimatum that wouldn't

8 come to you in terms of a code word. That would come to you in some

9 other terms as you said its been extended, or there's been further

10 negotiations, or something else was going on so the ultimatum is not

11 going to take force and effect; right?

12 A. That's correct.

13 Q. Thank you.

14 MR. GUY-SMITH: Would this be an appropriate time?

15 JUDGE MOLOTO: Thank you very much.

16 We will take a break and come back at half past 12.00.

17 Court adjourned.

18 --- Recess taken at 12.03 p.m.

19 --- On resuming at 12.31 p.m.

20 JUDGE MOLOTO: Mr. Guy-Smith.

21 MR. GUY-SMITH: Thank you.

22 Q. I'd like to go to the incident of July 1st, 1995, that you

23 investigated. But before that, just to make sure that I understand your

24 testimony, prior to the July 1st incident, you had never investigated

25 personally an alleged air bomb incident; correct?

Page 2685

1 A. That's correct.

2 JUDGE MOLOTO: Mr. Guy-Smith, lest we forget, and now that it is

3 not on the screen any longer. What do you intend doing with ID 004539,

4 page 3.

5 MR. GUY-SMITH: Oh could I tender that. I apologise.

6 JUDGE MOLOTO: Thank you.

7 MR. GUY-SMITH: Thank you, Your Honour.

8 JUDGE MOLOTO: That document is admitted into evidence. May it

9 please be given an exhibit number.

10 THE REGISTRAR: Your Honours, that will be Exhibit D24.

11 JUDGE MOLOTO: Thank you very much.

12 MR. GUY-SMITH: Thank you very much, Your Honour.

13 JUDGE MOLOTO: You're welcome.

14 You may proceed.

15 MR. GUY-SMITH:

16 Q. And before this investigation, the training that you had received

17 with regard to bomb or shelling analysis had been for a period of a

18 couple of weeks; correct?

19 When you first arrived in the region?

20 A. That's correct.

21 Q. And you've told us that -- one of the ways that you can determine

22 information concerning where shelling or a bomb has come from is by

23 examining the crater itself; right?

24 A. That's correct.

25 Q. There are obviously other manners in which you can determine the

Page 2686

1 direction from which the particular bomb came from. For example, if you

2 saw it flying in the air.

3 A. Yes, that's possible.

4 Q. And with regard to the issue of crater examination, the

5 importance of crater examination, in terms of determining direction of

6 launch, or, I should say this, point of launch, is that the crater itself

7 will have a particular kind of pattern which will assist you in

8 determining how the projectile actually hit the ground; correct?

9 A. That's correct. You cannot exactly determine the point of

10 departure. You can only establish from which direction it originated.

11 Q. And in terms of -- in terms of establishing from which direction

12 it originated, could you tell us, what are you looking for in terms of

13 crater pattern? What are the indicators that you use to determine

14 direction?

15 A. Because the shell or bomb penetrated the ground from a certain

16 angle before exploding, there will be a more acute angle and a sloped

17 angle; and the material blown away by the explosion will be projected in

18 a certain shape and pattern, and those are things you can consider in

19 performing a crater analysis.

20 Q. And with regard to the first thing that you've mentioned, which

21 is the issue of angle, does the angle that the projectile is seen to have

22 entered the crater or the ground, which made the crater.

23 Let me rephrase that.

24 Is the angle by which the projectile has hit the ground an

25 indicator of distance or direction from whence it came?

Page 2687

1 A. If you mean the angle at which the projectile hit the ground,

2 that's an indication for -- for -- steep drop or a slower drop followed

3 and that doesn't provide any indication other than that usually have to

4 deal -- you -- usually you're dealing with a mortar shell if the angle

5 is -- is acute and it's a -- usually an artillery bomb if it's -- if

6 there's a gentler slope of the path.

7 Q. And the angle that we're talking about, that would be -- that

8 would be generally defined as the impact angle; correct?

9 A. That's correct.

10 Q. Is it fair to say that the angle of impact assists in determining

11 the distance that the projectile travelled before impact?

12 A. The angle of impact but then again depending on what type of

13 projectile it is, whether it was a ballistic trajectory or a propelled

14 explosive, in this case, it was propelled, the projectile was propelled;

15 and then it's more complicated to determine based on the impact angle

16 what distance was travelled because you can recalculate it in ballistic

17 terms but not if the object was propelled.

18 Q. So if the object is propelled, what factors do you use in order

19 to determine the distance that the object travelled before impact?

20 A. There is no way to determine the distance in the case of a

21 propelled projectile. All you can do is establish the direction of

22 origin.

23 Q. Whereas in the other form of projectile you can determine

24 distance, I take it?

25 A. You can use ballistics to determine the distance travelled by an

Page 2688

1 artillery shell and the distance from which it was launched.

2 Q. So we're clear, it was an artillery shell you can determine the

3 distance; but when it is propelled, based on crater analysis, you cannot

4 determine distance; correct?

5 A. With an artillery shell you could determine the distance. I

6 can't do that because I don't have ballistics training. You need quite a

7 bit of mathematical knowledge. What we checked when we examined the

8 impacts was merely the direction from which the shell or bomb had been

9 launched.

10 Q. Okay. Now with regard to that, what you looked at, was among

11 other things, the impact angle in which the bomb hit the ground and the

12 impact angle is what you have described in that crater; correct?

13 A. Now the problem is which angle do you mean. The impact angle is

14 the angle of impact on the ground, so that enables you to determine what

15 was the front and what was the rear of the shell, when you determine the

16 angle it arrived at. But the elevation angle matters less. It is it

17 purely about determining the front and the rear so that you can set your

18 compass accordingly to determine the direction. So whether it impacts at

19 45 or at 60 degrees that angle doesn't matter. What matters is what was

20 the front and what was the rear.

21 MR. GUY-SMITH: Could we please pull up 443. I believe it's

22 page 6.

23 Q. And before --

24 JUDGE MOLOTO: Sorry, by 443, do you mean --

25 MR. GUY-SMITH: Exhibit 443, yes.

Page 2689

1 JUDGE MOLOTO: P443.

2 MR. GUY-SMITH: Correct.

3 Q. Now, with regard to the investigation that you engaged in, the

4 impact angle is not known; right?

5 A. Right. We didn't determine the impact angle, and that wasn't

6 what we were looking for either. We were looking to establish the

7 direction of origin.

8 Q. I appreciate that. You say with regard to the impact angle, you

9 say: "The impact angle is unknown, as the bomb struck a small concrete

10 garage."

11 So are we to take it that this means that what happened is when

12 the bomb hit, the first thing it hit was a small concrete garage?

13 A. The garage had a concrete floor.

14 Q. Well, I'm -- I'm reading what -- what the document say, sir.

15 That's all I'm doing. And it says: "The bomb struck a small concrete

16 garage."

17 It doesn't say anything about a floor, does it?

18 A. That's correct. As far as I remember, the floor was made of

19 concrete, not the rest of the garage.

20 Q. Okay. Did you -- is the photograph that we saw previously -- and

21 I'm sorry, I forgot the ... I believe it is P441.

22 MR. GUY-SMITH: If we could have that up on the screen for a

23 minute.

24 Q. Is the photograph that you took of the crater a photograph that

25 reflects damage to the concrete floor of the garage that you're referring

Page 2690

1 to?

2 A. As far as I know, this is not the photograph that I took myself

3 but the one taken by the Bosnian police. My photographs and negatives

4 are in the possession of the Yugoslavia Tribunal, but I don't see them in

5 the evidence here.

6 Q. Does this photograph, then, to the extent that it is of some help

7 to us, does this photograph reflect the concrete floor area that you're

8 referring to?

9 A. Yes.

10 Q. Okay. And is --

11 A. You don't see much left of that. It was just that I had been

12 told there had been a garage there. Frank Melum told me that. Because

13 as you can see on the photograph here, there is little traces left that

14 there was any building at all of this site.

15 Q. Do you know -- I appreciate that. But do you know what the

16 course of impact was of this particular bomb before it hit the concrete

17 floor area? Do you know what it went through beforehand? Did it go

18 through a concrete roof, did it go through a tile roof, did it go through

19 a wooden roof? Can you tell us what the height was of the roof when it

20 first -- the bomb first hit it? Could give us any of that information?

21 A. Negative. I do not have that information.

22 Q. And with regard to the photograph we are looking at here, this

23 photograph, you can't see any patterns of any explosion, can you? So

24 this photograph is not of assistance to us in determining the front or

25 back of the bomb, looking at the concrete area.

Page 2691

1 A. I disagree. If you look at the shadow section you'll see that

2 that's steeper than the area facing the photographer, so that indicates

3 to me that the photograph was -- excuse me, the bomb arrived roughly

4 along the path over the shoulder of the photographer.

5 Q. I take it that what you're telling us is that this photograph is

6 taken from a position where the photographer is looking directly on to --

7 looking directly towards the house. Is that your testimony?

8 A. That's correct. The photographer is facing the house next door

9 here, and if you look at the background, you'll see Mount Igman or the

10 foothills of Mount Igman.

11 Q. Were you present when this photograph was taken?

12 A. I was.

13 Q. Are your photographs any more detailed, in terms of the impact

14 zone themselves than this photograph is, to the best of your

15 recollection?

16 A. I couldn't say anymore. I surrendered those photographs in 1996,

17 and I saw them one time after that in --

18 THE INTERPRETER: Inaudible.

19 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] So I don't have those photographs

20 anymore.

21 MR. GUY-SMITH:

22 Q. You didn't have a chance to see those photographs yesterday, did

23 you?

24 A. I saw these photographs that are included here. I didn't see my

25 own photographs again.

Page 2692

1 Q. And you have no knowledge as to where your photographs are?

2 A. I know that the Yugoslavia Tribunal still has them.

3 Q. Fine. When you arrived at the bombing location, did you

4 determine whether or not it had an address? And by that, I mean did you

5 ever come across anybody identifying the address as being on

6 Bunici Potok Street?

7 A. Negative.

8 Q. Did you ever determine for yourself what the address was of this

9 bomb site?

10 A. No. In the military, you work less with addresses than with map

11 coordinates.

12 Q. Did you -- so the answer would be, no, you didn't determine that.

13 A. No, I did not determine the address.

14 Q. The first time that you were there was on the 1st of July, in the

15 evening hours, correct, sometime after 9.00?

16 A. That's correct.

17 Q. When you got there after a brief survey of the situation, you

18 made a determination with one of your fellow officers to go to the

19 hospital to check on the rest of your group; right?

20 A. That's correct.

21 Q. And when you left and went to the hospital to check on your

22 group, who was stationed at the house? Who was stationed at the bomb

23 site, securing the area?

24 A. As far as I know, that was Captain Hansen, and -- then I

25 accompanied Captain Melum to the hospital.

Page 2693

1 Q. So Captain Hansen remained behind. You went to the hospital, and

2 after you returned from the hospital, you returned to the bomb site area,

3 right?

4 A. That's correct.

5 Q. How long a period of time were you gone?

6 A. I think it would have been a maximum of 30 minutes.

7 Q. Okay. The next day on the 2nd of July, would it be fair to say

8 that there was a joint and independent investigation going on concerning

9 this particular bombing? And by joint and separate I mean that you in

10 your capacity as UNMO were engaged in an investigation; at the same time

11 there were BiH police investigators present?

12 A. We were present while the Bosnian police conducted their

13 investigation. They didn't allow us to investigate first. And after the

14 Bosnian police had completed the investigation, we conducted our own

15 investigation.

16 Q. And when the Bosnian police conducted their investigation, did

17 they share with you the fact that they had found damage in an area

18 approximately some 150 metres away from where you were investigating. As

19 a matter of fact, that's where they found the rockets; right?

20 A. Yes, that's correct.

21 Q. And it was the Bosnian police that found the rockets, not UNMOs

22 who found the rockets correct?

23 A. That is also correct.

24 Q. And the first time that you saw the rockets was at the police

25 station; true?

Page 2694

1 A. That's also correct.

2 Q. Did you see a photograph of the position of the rockets in situ

3 at the time that they were first discovered by the Bosnian police?

4 A. Negative.

5 Q. Okay. Did you discuss with the Bosnian police their analysis

6 that the air bomb had hit an area approximately 150 metres away and then

7 ricochetted over to the area where you ultimately found the bomb?

8 A. Yes. There was some discussion about that. The Bosnian police

9 assumed at first that there had been two rocket impacts. Where they

10 found the rocket bodies, they thought that was the second impact site.

11 We indicated, in part, because of the observations by OP 4 that only one

12 rocket had been launched, and at that the site where the rockets had been

13 found, no shell fragments appeared and, on the other hand, where the bomb

14 impact was, we didn't find any rocket components; so our conclusion was

15 that the two had -- belonged -- they belonged together. The Bosnian

16 police was not convinced of that.

17 Q. What about the issue concerning the ricochet, that the bomb, in

18 fact, hit an area 150 metres away from where it ultimately landed?

19 A. That would be possible that it impacted the ground first and then

20 ricochetted onward because I wasn't able to investigate that place. I

21 can't tell you whether that option is more or less probable. My

22 expectation was that it fell apart in the air so that the rockets landed

23 away from the bomb, but even with the ricochet theory, you would need to

24 examine the site where the rockets impacted; and the Bosnian police

25 didn't allow us to do that.

Page 2695

1 Q. I understand. With regard to the ricochet theory to the extent

2 that the ricochet theory was something that was being discussed, did you

3 take into account in the trajectory paths that you were hypothesising the

4 angle of ricochet from the area that the rockets were found,

5 approximately 150 metres away to where the bomb was found? Did you take

6 that into account in any fashion whatsoever? And I understand that you

7 weren't able to go to the actual area, but did you include that in your

8 calculation?

9 A. At first we recalculated the path based on the crater analysis we

10 had performed, combined with the observations of OP 4 of a rocket that

11 they heard and/or saw, and if you draw a straight line along that path,

12 the rockets would still be -- the place where we found the rockets was

13 still along that line.

14 Q. You just added an additional factor, which is that OP 4 heard or

15 saw. So I'd like it talk to you for a minute about the issue of sound.

16 Now, could you tell us at what speed does this projectile travel,

17 if you know?

18 A. That's not known to me.

19 Q. Based -- based upon your information, can you tell us anything

20 with regard to the sound or sounds and period of time that they lasted or

21 were heard by OP 4?

22 A. No. I believe that one of the reports mentions a report by OP 4

23 but I can no longer recollect whether they saw or heard it. I don't know

24 that.

25 Q. Would the period of time in which one was able to identify sound

Page 2696

1 be a factor that could be utilised for determining distance from point of

2 launch? Put in other terms: The speed of sound has a particular

3 formula; correct?

4 So if you hear something you can make some determination of the

5 distance that is travelled?

6 A. Well, can you use sound but then you also need visual observation

7 to establish how far away from you something took place. If you have

8 sound alone, then, as far as I know, distance is impossible to determine.

9 Q. Okay. With regard to the issue of the demolition capability and

10 destructive capability of this particular device, do you recall

11 previously stating -- in a previous statement that the damage radius was

12 200 metres which you then corrected to 60 metres. Do you recall that?

13 A. I recall that we discussed the radius of the damage. We examined

14 the damage in the immediate proximity. You can see that in the

15 photographs of the damage. At a larger distance, so exceeding 60 metres,

16 windows were shattered, but we didn't investigate that.

17 Q. Would the fact that -- as a theoretical matter, would the fact

18 that the bomb hit point number 1 and then ricochetted for 150 metres and

19 then hit point number 2, effect the damage potential of the bomb on

20 impact?

21 A. Yes. And that depends primary on how the explosive's timer is

22 set. If the detonator is set too quick, then it might explode at the

23 first point of impact, but this one had a delaying device so that the

24 bomb wasn't detonated until several seconds after the impact. So in that

25 case, yes, it does make a difference how it impacts and where it impacts.

Page 2697

1 Q. Perhaps you could help me out here, because I'm a little

2 confused. Is the type of bomb that we're talking about here, is that a

3 concussion warhead projectile or is that a projectile that operates on a

4 delayed fuse?

5 A. This had a delayed fuse but that doesn't exclude it from being a

6 concussion projectile. It was specially designed to penetrate further

7 into a target before detonating. To give you an example if you have a

8 bomb with a quick detonator then it would explode the moment it touched

9 the edge of a branch. This one didn't. It was designed for maximum

10 penetration before exploding. And that's what the UNMOs state in their

11 report. First they heard a loud bang and thought that something had

12 fallen over somewhere, and after about ten seconds, they heard the

13 explosion.

14 Q. And it's that particular information upon which you rely for this

15 to have been a delayed fuse bomb, right?

16 A. That's part of the information. The other part of the

17 information consisted of the shards dug up from the crater because for a

18 penetration bomb, the front end of the bomb has to be quite firm so that

19 it doesn't fall apart as soon as it hits something; and that was the case

20 with this bomb.

21 At the time I had Dutch manuals with me, describing all munitions

22 in use in the former Yugoslavia, and based on the shards and the

23 descriptions in the book, I examined what corresponded with what, and

24 that's how I come up with the delayed fuse and what the -- what other

25 possibilities there were.

Page 2698

1 Q. Can you tell the Chamber as you sit here today in any fashion

2 whatsoever what you believe the distance that this particular bomb

3 travelled was?

4 A. No, I couldn't -- I couldn't assess that. We depended on the

5 observations of OP 4 to do the best we could. Based on the crater

6 analysis we could determine only the originating direction, and with

7 improvised explosives such as this one, I can't estimate how far it would

8 travel from the moment it was launched.

9 Q. And you can't -- apart from the issue concerning the potential

10 ricochet theory, you can't give us, as you sit here today, based often

11 your investigation, the angle of descent of this particular bomb, right?

12 A. That's correct.

13 Q. Lastly, I wanted to briefly touch on the issue of guidance

14 systems.

15 And you said during your direct examination was that there were

16 no guidance systems on any of the air bombs that you ever heard about,

17 and there was not a guidance system on this air bomb; right?

18 A. That's correct.

19 Q. And as I understood -- as I understood your answer, you were

20 talking about a guidance system which was attached to the rocket or the

21 bomb; correct?

22 That's what you told us. You said there was never any question

23 of a guidance system being attached to the rockets or the bomb. It's on

24 page 19 and 20.

25 A. We didn't find any traces of something having been attached to

Page 2699

1 that bomb.

2 Q. Okay. Well, during that time in the history of artillery, there

3 weren't any guidance systems that were attached to any shells, mortars,

4 rockets, or bombs that corrected the path of such a projectile during

5 flight, were there?

6 A. Well, there are and there were at the time too. If we're talking

7 about artillery munitions, for example, there were copper head munitions

8 which are fired and then they second charge to seat their target. They

9 did exist, and we're not talking about an artillery shell here. This is

10 an air bomb. Air bombs have been equipped for some time with guidance

11 systems. For example, the AGM 88 or similar series. During World War

12 II, the Germans were also experimenting with guidance systems.

13 Q. An AGM 88 is not an air bomb that you would launch off the back

14 of a truck, is it?

15 A. No. But that -- the 230-kilogram air bomb that we're talking

16 about was not initially that either.

17 Q. To your knowledge, was the air bomb that was the subject of the

18 incident on July 1st, 1995, launched from a plane?

19 A. No. My assessment is that it was launched from a rail and was

20 propelled by six rockets attached at the back.

21 Q. Isn't it a fact that during the time you were in Sarajevo, none

22 of the incidents, be they bombs or shelling, involved missiles that had

23 in- flight guidance. Excuse me, change missiles to projectiles that had

24 in-flight guidance systems used by the Bosnian Serbs or by the Bosnian

25 Muslims during the conflict?