1 - Consolidated Indictment, 23 February
2001, Prosecutor v. Krajisnik & Plavsic, Case No. IT-00-39&40-PT.
2 - Decision on Prosecution’s Motion for Leave to Amend
the Consolidated Indictment, 4 March 2002, Prosecutor v. Krajisnik & Plavsic,
Case No. IT-00-39&40-PT. Pursuant to this Decision, the Prosecution filed
the Amended Consolidated Indictment on 7 March 2002 ("Indictment").
3 - Initial Appearance, Prosecutor v. Plavsic,
Case No. IT-00-40-I, Transcript pages ("T.") 3-4; Order for Detention
on Remand, 11 January 2001.
4 - Under Rule 62 bis of the Rules of Procedure
and Evidence of the International Tribunal ("Rules"); T, 339.
5 - Decision Granting Prosecution’s Motion to Dismiss
Counts 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 of the Amended Consolidated Indictment, 20 December
2002.
6 - Order Summoning Dr. Biljana Plavsic Proprio Motu
to Appear as a Witness of the Trial Chamber Pursuant to Rule 98, 9 January
2003, Prosecutor v. Stakic, Case No. IT-97-24-T.
7 - Order for Further Submissions, 10 January 2003; varied
by an Order Granting Extension of Time for filing Submissions, 21 January 2003.
8 - Response by Biljana Plavsic to the Order for Further
Submissions of 10 January 2003, filed on 12 February 2003 (dated 11 February 2003);
Prosecution’s Response to Order for Further Submissions, 12 February 2003.
9 - Factual Basis for Plea of Guilty, 30 Sept. 2002 ("Factual
Basis"), paras 1-8.
10 - Ibid., para. 10.
11 - Ibid., paras 11-12.
12 - Ibid., para. 13.
13 - Ibid., paras 15-16.
14 - Ibid., para. 16.
15 - Ibid., para. 17.
16 - Ibid., para. 18.
17 - Ibid., para. 19.
18 - Ibid., para. 20.
19 - Ibid., para. 21.
20 - Ibid., para. 22.
21 - Statement by Biljana Plavsic in Support of her Motion
for Change of Plea pursuant to Rule 62 bis, 30 September 2002 ("Plavsic
Written Statement").
22 - Prosecutor v. Aleksovski, Case No. IT-95-14/1-A,
Judgement, 24 Mar. 2000 ("Aleksovski Appeal Judgement"), para. 185;
Prosecutor v. Delalic et al, Case No. IT-96-21-A, Judgement, 20 Feb. 2001 ("Celebici
Appeal Judgement"), para. 806.
23 - Prosecutor v. Todorovic, Case No. IT-95-9/1-S,
Sentencing Judgement, 31 July 2001 ("Todorovic Sentencing Judgement"),
para. 28.
24 - Todorovic Sentencing Judgement, para. 29.
25 - Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-A and
IT-94-1-Abis, Judgement in Sentencing Appeals, 26 Jan. 2000 ("Tadic
Judgement in Sentencing Appeals"), para. 48.
26 - Aleksovski Appeal Judgement, para. 185; see
also Celebici Appeal Judgement, para. 803.
27 - Todorovic Sentencing Judgement, para. 30.
28 - Celebici Appeal Judgement, para. 731, citing
Prosecutor v. Kupreskic et al, Case No. IT-95-16-T, Trial Judgement, 14
January 2000 ("Kupreskic Trial Judgement"), para. 852; and Aleksovski
Appeal Judgement, para. 182.
29 - Celebici Appeal Judgement, para. 731, citing
Kupreskic Trial Judgement para. 852.
30 - Prosecution Sentencing Brief, paras 12-15.
31 - Defence Sentencing Brief, paras 2, 33.
32 - Prosecution Sentencing Brief, para. 20 and Annex
II to the Prosecution Sentencing Brief. The events described in Annex II are within
the temporal, territorial and substantive limits of Count 3 of the Indictment.
33 - Annex II to the Prosecution Sentencing Brief, p.
2-12. This quotation is taken from p. 11.
34 - Ibid., p. 12-16.
35 - Ibid., p. 17-19.
36 - Ibid., p. 20-31. This quotation is taken
from p. 26.
37 - Ibid., p. 32-43. This quotation is taken
from p. 33.
38 - Ibid., p. 44-46. This quotation is taken
from p. 44.
39 - Ibid., p. 48-51. This testimony was obtained
through statements of witnesses interviewed by investigators from the Office of
the Prosecutor (rather than through live testimony before the International Tribunal).
40 - Ibid., p. 51-53. This quotation is taken
from p. 53.
41 - Prosecution Sentencing Brief, para 20, referring
to Prosecutor v. Delalic et al, Case No. IT-96-21-T, Judgement, 16 November
1998 ("Celebici Trial Judgement"), paras. 1262, 1264 and 1268; and Prosecutor
v. Aleksovski, Case no. IT-95-14/1-T, Judgement, 25 June 1999 ("Aleksovski
Trial Judgement"), para 227.
42 - Mirsad Tokaca, T. 386. The witness is a representative
of the BH State Commission on war crimes documentation. This commission was established
in 1992 and has interviewed over 5,000 witnesses and collected 20,000 photographs,
videotapes and a large number of documents and other reports relating to crimes
against humanity and grave violations of human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
43 - Ibid., T. 388.
44 - Ibid., T. 393.
45 - Ibid., T. 390.
46 - Ibid.
47 - Ibid., T. 391.
48 - Ibid., T. 392-93. Villages or areas in which
entire families have disappeared include: Biljani, Foca, Hrnici, Jelicka, Kljuc,
Krasulje, Krustovo, Nevesinje, Ogruc, Pehovo, Sanski Most, Srnja, Srnjani, Stedin,
Velagic, and Visegrad.
49 - Ibid., T. 389-90, 394.
50 - Ibid., T. 389.
51 - Ibid.
52 - Ibid., T. 395. The scale of the killings
will be outlined below. According to Mirsad Tokaca, the incidences of sexual assault
and rape were at their highest in Foca, Bratunac, Vlasenica, Zvornik, Prijedor
and Brcko.
53 - Ibid., T. 389. In Janja, the relevant populations
were not expelled until 1995.
54 - Ibid., T. 397-98.
55 - Ibid., T. 398.
56 - Ibid., T. 394-95.
57 - Ibid., T. 394.
58 - Exhibit ("Ex.") 15, Ewa Tabeau and Marcin
Zóltkowski, ‘Ethnic Composition and Displaced Persons and Refugees in 37
Municipalities of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1991 and 1997’, 28 July 2002 ("Tabeau
and Zóltkowski Report").
59 - Ibid., p. 3-4, Table 1NS. According to the
Report, the ‘non-Serbs’ include Bosnian Muslims, Bosnian Croats, and other ethnic
groups.
60 - Ibid., p. 4. The entity called the Federation
of Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of Bosniac and Bosnian Croat cantons.
61 - Ibid., p. 4.
62 - Sentencing Hearing, T. 622-23.
63 - Ex. 17, Prijedor Settlement Populations, 1991-1993.
64 - Sentencing Hearing, T. 622; Ex. 17, Prijedor Settlement
Populations, 1991-1993.
65 - Ibid., T. 623.
66 - Ex. 17, Prijedor Settlement Populations, 1991-1993.
67 - Mirsad Tokaca, T. 390.
68 - Ibid., T. 402. Mirsad Tokaca testified that
the criteria for ‘mass killing’ used in this context is the killing of three or
more persons at one given point in time.
69 - Ibid., T. 400.
70 - Ibid., T. 406. This figure is the total number
of persons believed to have been killed, irrespective of ethnicity. However, practically
all of those killed were Bosniacs, Muslims and Croats. Some were Serbs who helped
their neighbours T. 407.
71 - Ibid., T. 400. For example, of the 208 persons
listed as missing in Dragosicka, all went missing in 1992.
72 - Ibid., T. 394, 400-01.
73 - Ibid., T. 406.
74 - Ibid., T. 401.
75 - Ibid., T. 402.
76 - Ibid., T. 401.
77 - Ibid., T. 392.
78 - These are listed in Schedule D of the Indictment.
79 - Mirsad Tokaca T. 399.
80 - Ex. 2; a photograph showing the Alid‘a mosque before
it was destroyed, and another which shows the empty site where the mosque once
stood.
81 - Mirsad Tokaca T. 400.
82 - Ibid., T. 399.
83 - Adil Draganovic, T. 417. The witness is a representative
of the Bosnian National Alliance of Associations of Former Camp Inmates and was
himself a detainee at the Manjaca camp. At present he is President of the Municipal
Court in Sanski Most in Bosnia and Herzegovina. See also Ex. 3; a map showing
the location of the 408 camp facilities in 37 municipalities.
84 - Ibid., T. 429.
85 - Ibid., T. 419-20, Ex. 4; a photograph of
the police station in Sanski Most.
86 - Ibid., T. 422.
87 - Ibid., T. 425.
88 - Ibid.
89 - Ibid., T. 424.
90 - Ibid., T. 424-25.
91 - Ibid., T. 427.
92 - Ibid., T. 428.
93 - Teufika Ibrahimefendic, T. 443-44. The witness is
the co-ordinator of multidisciplinary teams at Vive Zena, a non-governmental organisation
that provides support to war trauma victims. She has treated war trauma victims
throughout the war.
94 - Ibid., T. 448-49.
95 - Ibid., T. 447-48.
96 - Elie Wiesel, T. 456. The witness is viewed by many
as a spokesman for survivors of those who have suffered persecution because of
their race, religion or national origin.
97 - Ibid., T. 456.
98 - Ibid., T. 457.
99 - Sentencing Hearing, T. 610.
100 - Prosecution Sentencing Brief, para. 17.
101 - Ibid., para. 18, citing Prosecutor v
Krstic, Case No. IT-98-33-T, Judgement, 2 August 2001 ("Krstic Trial
Judgement"), para. 709.
102 - Ibid., para. 18, referring to, inter
alia, Prosecutor v. Kordic et al, Case No. IT-95-14/2, Trial Judgement,
26 February 2001 ("Kordic Trial Judgement"), para. 853.
103 - Ibid., para. 19, referring to Prosecutor
v. Kambanda, Case No. ICTR-97-23-S, Judgement and Sentence, 4 September 1998
("Kambanda Trial Judgement"), paras 61-62.
104 - Prosecution Sentencing Brief, para. 16.
105 - Defence Sentencing Brief, para. 16; Factual Basis
paras 13-14, 16.
106 - Defence Sentencing Brief, para. 36.
107 - Ibid., para. 36, citing Prosecutor v.
Blaskic, Case No. IT-95-14-T, Judgement, 3 March 2000 ("Blaskic Trial
Judgement"), paras 783-84.
108 - Ibid., para. 37, citing Krstic Trial Judgement,
paras 708-09.
109 - Prosecution Sentencing Brief, para. 42.
110 - Sentencing Hearing, T. 638.
111 - Prosecution Sentencing Brief, para. 43.
112 - These and other factors are set out in the Prosecution
Sentencing Brief, para. 22.
113 - Todorovic Sentencing Judgement, para. 86; Prosecutor
v. Sikirica et al, Case No. IT-95-8-S, Sentencing Judgement, 13 November 2001
("Sikirica Sentencing Judgement"), para. 111.
114 - Sentencing Hearing, T. 613, 637, 639. During the
closing arguments the Prosecution commented that "if the accused is on the
right path, she still has not gone the full length of her journey". This
observation was a reference to the fact that the accused is not willing to appear
as a witness in other trials, thus providing the Prosecution with substantial
co-operation.
115 - Ibid., T. 649-51. During the closing arguments
at the Sentencing Hearing, the Defence also contended that in Mrs. Plavsic’s case
it is difficult to envisage co-operation more substantial than that which she
has already given to the Prosecution and to the individual victims of the horrendous
crimes. According to the Defence, Mrs. Plavsic’s actions, including her call for
other leaders to come forth and accept their responsibility for crimes committed,
have been substantially co-operative in serving the purposes and goals of the
International Tribunal, namely reconciliation, peace and stability in the Balkans.
116 - Krstic Trial Judgement, para. 713.
117 - Voluntary surrender: Kupreskic Trial Judgement,
paras 853, 860, 863; Prosecutor v. Kupreskic et al, Case No. IT-95-16-A,
Appeal Judgement, 23 October 2001 ("Kupreskic Appeal Judgement"),
para. 430; Prosecutor v. Kunarac et al, Case No. IT-96-23&IT-96-23/1-T,
Judgement, 22 February 2001 ("Kunarac Trial Judgement"), para.
868. Admission of guilt: Kupreskic Appeal Judgement, para. 464; Prosecutor
v. Jelisic, Case No. IT-95-10-A, Judgement, 5 July 2001 ("Jelisic
Appeal Judgement"), para. 122; Sikirica Sentencing Judgement, paras
148-151, 192-93, 228; Todorovic Sentencing Judgement, paras 75-82; Prosecutor
v. Erdemovic, Case No. IT-96-22-Tbis, Sentencing Judgement, 5 March
1998 ("Erdemovic Sentencing Judgement II"), para. 16(ii). Remorse:
Sikirica Sentencing Judgement, paras 152, 194, 230; Todorovic Sentencing
Judgement, paras. 89-92; Erdemovic Sentencing Judgement II, para. 16(iii).
Character: Prosecutor v. Krnojelac, Case No. IT-97-25, Judgement, 15 March
2002 ("Krnojelac Trial Judgement"), para. 519; Kupreskic Trial
Judgement, para. 478; Kupreskic Appeal Judgement, para. 459; Aleksovski
Trial Judgement, para. 236; Erdemovic Sentencing Judgement II, para. 16(i).
Post-conflict conduct: Krstic Trial Judgement, para. 713.
118 - Prosecution Sentencing Brief, para. 23.
119 - Ibid., para. 24, citing Todorovic Sentencing
Judgement, para. 81 and Erdemovic Sentencing Judgement II, para. 21.
120 - Ibid., para. 25.
121 - Defence Sentencing Brief, para. 41.
122 - Ibid., para. 42.
123 - Ibid., para. 43.
124 - Elie Wiesel, T. 458-59.
125 - Prosecution Sentencing Brief, para. 27.
126 - Plavsic Written Statement.
127 - Sentencing Hearing, T. 609.
128 - Ibid., T. 609.
129 - Ibid., T. 609-10.
130 - Plavsic Written Statement.
131 - Alex Boraine, T. 586-89. The International Center
for Transitional Justice is based in New York and assists societies pursuing accountability
for human rights abuses in the aftermath of armed conflict or atrocities on a
mass scale.
132 - Ibid., T. 591.
133 - Ibid., T. 592-93.
134 - Ibid., T. 599-600.
135 - Ibid., T. 594-95.
136 - Mirsad Tokaca, T. 408-09.
137 - Security Council Resolution 827 of 25 May 1993.
When establishing the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the Security
Council’s Resolution explicitly referred to "the process of national reconciliation".
Security Council Resolution 955 of 8 November 1994.
138 - General Assembly Resolution A/RES/54/119 of 22
December 1999.
139 - Prosecution Sentencing Brief, para. 26.
140 - Defence Sentencing Brief, paras 45-46.
141 - Prosecution Sentencing Brief, para. 29.
142 - Defence Sentencing Brief, paras 60-65.
143 - Madeleine Albright, T. 509.
144 - Carl Bildt, T. 536, 558-61.
145 - Robert Frowick, T. 568.
146 - Ibid., T. 546.
147 - Ibid., T. 575.
148 - Ibid., T. 551-53.
149 - Milorad Dodik, T. 482, 488-90. Following the elections
in November 1997, Mrs. Plavsic nominated Mr. Dodik as Prime Minister in January
1998.
150 - Carl Bildt, T. 554. Milorad Dodik also gave evidence
to this effect. T. 486-88.
151 - Ibid., T. 555.
152 - Ibid., T. 548-49.
153 - Ibid., T. 548-51.
154 - Ibid., T. 556-57.
155 - Ibid., T. 558.
156 - Ibid., T. 559.
157 - Ibid., T. 558.
158 - Robert Frowick, T. 578.
159 - Ibid., T. 579-80.
160 - Ibid., T. 581-83.
161 - Ibid., T. 584.
162 - Ibid., T. 585.
163 - Madeleine Albright, T. 514-15.
164 - Ibid., T. 517.
165 - Carl Bildt, T. 564.
166 - Defence Sentencing Brief, para. 47, referring
to the Krnojelac Trial Judgement, para. 533.
167 - The full name of the European Convention is ‘Convention
for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms’. It was signed in
1950 and entered into force in 1953.
168 - Papon v. France, European Court of Human
Rights ("ECHR"), Application No. 64666/01, 7 June 2001 ("Papon
v. France").
169 - Defence Sentencing Brief, para. 48; Papon v. France.
170 - Ibid., paras 48-49.
171 - Biljana Plavsic’s Medical Records, filed under
seal and confidentially, 14 December 2002, p. 3.
172 - Defence Sentencing Brief, paras 51-53, 76.
173 - Ibid., paras 54-55. Reference is also made
to the ‘Resolution (76) 2 on the Treatment of Long-Term Prisoners’, adopted by
the Minister’ Deputies of the Council of Europe on 17 February 1976.
174 - Ibid., para. 55. Further, the Defence notes
that in Germany the Constitutional Court has considered life imprisonment to be
constitutional, but held that it must be scrutinised for possible violations of
the principle of dignity of mankind and that an individual must not be deprived
of the possibility of release.
175 - Ibid., para. 58.
176 - Ibid., para. 59.
177 - Sentencing Hearing, T. 633-34.
178 - Prosecution Sentencing Brief, para 30.
179 - Ibid., paras 30-31.
180 - Ibid., para. 32.
181 - Ibid., para. 33. R. v. C. (1993) 14 Cr.App.R.(S.)
562, at 564e. The appellant was convicted of a number of serious sexual offences
against his five grandchildren.
182 - Sentencing Hearing, T. 634.
183 - Prosecution Sentencing Brief, para. 32. R. v.
S. (1998) 1 Cr.App.R.(S.) 261, at 264e.
184 - Ibid., para. 34.
185 - Krnojelac Trial Judgement, para. 533.
186 - Priebke v. Italy, ECHR, Application No.
48799/99, 5 April 2001; Sawoniuk v. the United Kingdom, ECHR, Application
No. 63716/00, 29 May 2001; Papon v. France; see also Kudla v. Poland,
ECHR, Judgement, 26 October 2000, reported at (2002) 35 EHRR 11.
187 - Biljana Plavsic’s Medical Records, filed under
seal and confidentially, 14 December 2002.
188 - R. v. Holyoak (1995) 82 A Crim R 502 at
507-508. See also e.g. R. v. Jeffrey William Spencer Rose (2002) NSWSC
26, 22 February 2002, paras 23-27.
189 - Ex. 20. Statement of Mr. Larry Hollingworth filed
on behalf of Biljana Plavsic, filed on 16 December 2002 ("Hollingworth Statement").
190 - Ibid. During their first meeting Mrs. Plavsic
reminded Mr. Hollingworth that there were also Bosnian Serb villages which required
aid, but she did not condition her support for the aid to Bosnian Muslim villages
on the aid reaching the Bosnian Serb villages.
191 - Ibid.
192 - Defence Sentencing Brief, para. 66.
193 - Prosecution Sentencing Brief, para. 28.
194 - Defence Sentencing Brief, para. 67.
195 - Adopted by the SFRY Assembly at the Session of
the Federal Council held on 28 September 1976; declared by decree of the President
of the Republic on 28 September 1976; published in the Official Gazette SFRY No.
44 of 8 October 1976; took effect on 1 July 1977.
196 - Defence Sentencing Brief, para. 24; Prosecution
Sentencing Brief, para. 36. Both parties note that this practice is similar to
the Trial Chamber’s assessment of any relevant aggravating or mitigating circumstances
required to be taken into account under Article 24 of the Statute and Rule 101
(B).
197 - Defence Sentencing Brief, para. 25.
198 - Prosecution Sentencing Brief, para. 37, referring
to Prosecutor v. Furundzija, Case No. IT-95-17/1-T, Judgement, 10 December
1998 ("Furundzija Trial Judgement"), para. 285 (in which Article
142 of the SFRY Criminal Code is cited).
199 - Defence Sentencing Brief, para. 28.
200 - Prosecution Sentencing Brief, para. 37.
201 - Ibid., para. 37; Defence Sentencing Brief,
para. 27.
202 - Defence Sentencing Brief, para. 27.
203 - Ibid., para. 28.
204 - Prosecution Sentencing Brief, para. 38, referring
to the Celebici Trial Judgement, para. 1208 and Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No.
IT-94-1-T, Sentencing Judgement, 14 July 1997 ("Tadic Sentencing Judgement
I"), para. 8.
205 - Ibid., para. 39, referring to Prosecutor
v. Tadic, Case no. IT-94-1-Tbis-R117, Sentencing Judgement, 11 November
1999 ("Tadic Sentencing Judgement II"), para. 12.
206 - Prosecution Sentencing Brief, para. 35; Defence
Sentencing Brief, para. 23.
207 - Tadic Judgement in Sentencing Appeals,
para. 20.
208 - Prosecutor v. Vasiljevic, Case No. IT-98-32-T,
Judgement, 28 November 2002 ("Vasiljevic Trial Judgement"), para.
270, referring to Kupreskic Appeal Judgement, para. 418.
209 - Ibid., para. 271.
210 - Sentencing Hearing, T. 624. The Trial Chamber
notes that the Indictment, Schedule C, refers to detention facilities in 34 of
the 37 municipalities, and will consequently only consider those mentioned in
the Indictment.
211 - Ibid., T. 624-26.
212 - Ibid., T. 626-27.
213 - Ibid., T. 632-33.
214 - Ibid., T. 630-31.
215 - Ibid., T. 620.
216 - Ibid., T. 640.
217 - Ibid.
218 - Ibid., T. 640-41; Ex. 20; Hollingworth
Statement.
219 - Ibid., T. 641.
220 - Ibid., T. 648-49.
221 - Ibid., T. 648, quoting Mirsad Tokaca (at
T. 408).
222 - Ibid., T. 649-50, quoting Alex Boraine
(at T. 608).
223 - Ibid., T. 622. As the Prosecution said
later in its submission: it is necessary to see the victims as individuals, not
a massive and indistinct group and to remember individual moments of pain and
terror.
224 - Prosecution Sentencing Brief, para. 43.
225 - Sentencing Hearing, T. 638.
226 - Defence Sentencing Brief, para. 76; Sentencing
Hearing, T. 651.